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AP WORLD HISTORY > ch25- india, africa, new british empire, 1750-1850 > Flashcards

ch25- india, africa, new british empire, 1750-1850 Flashcards

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1
Q

Zulu

A

Strict military drill/close combat warfare w/ ox-hide shields and lethal stabbing spears made Zulu most powerful/feared fighters in S Africa.

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2
Q

sokoto caliphate

A

Largest state in West Africa since the fall of the Songhai in 16th century MUSLIM

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3
Q

Muhammad Ali

A

Successor to napoleon’s rule, ruled egypt from 1805 to 1848. Began political, social and economic reforms that created modern Egypt

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4
Q

legitimate trade

A

exports other than trade made to ensure access to European imports

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5
Q

Process of Zulu kingdom creation

A

Brought to power by changes in warfare, created by Shaka (military genius).
Expand by raiding neighbors for ppl/resources

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6
Q

process of Sokoto kingdom creation

A

Successful Muslim armies united the hausa states and neighboring areas under a caliph (sultan) who ruled from the city of sokoto

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7
Q

How typical were african state-building at this time?

A

quite common, made for refugees and escape from Zulu, or for preservation of Islam

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8
Q

*Impact of Industrialization on colonization in Africa

A

LEGITIMATE TRADE- Europe was more demanding for exports (Nonslave) from Africa,ex. Europe more demanding on gold coast for exports

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9
Q

***how were “secondary empires” created/ruled in eastern Africa?

A

Arab/swahili clove plantation owners purchased slaves to harvest spice. Ruled by Arabians from Sultan’s kingdom

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10
Q

*economic basis for secondary empire economy

A

Slavery of East African slave trade

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11
Q

sepoy

A

Trained indian troops that protected fortified warehouses from attack by other Europeans or by native states

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12
Q

British raj

A

British reign that remade India based on a British model

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13
Q

sepoy rebellion

A

grew from discontent of cartridge opening, plus beginning of later movements for independence, “revolution of 1857”. Much more than a simply mutiny–involved more than soldiers but was not yet nationalist revolution for rebel’s sense of common indian nat. identity was weak

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14
Q

(elite) Indian civil service

A

members mostly grads of oxford and cambridge u, held senior admin and judicial posts only 1000 at the end of 19th cent. Visted villagesm heard lawsuits and complaints, and passed judgments.

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15
Q

Indian National Congress

A

members saought larger role for Indians in Indian civil service +called for reduction in military expenditures to alleviate poverty

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16
Q

*Contract of Indenture

A

legal contract reflecting a debt or purchase obligation, specifically referring to two types of practices: in historical usage, an indentured servant status, and in modern usage, an instrument used for commercial debt or real estate transaction.

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17
Q

Significant factors involving Sepoy rebellion

A
  • discontent of cartridge opening,
  • involved more than soldiers but was not yet nationalist revolution for rebel’s sense of common indian nat. identity was weak
  • rebels asserted old traditions to challenge British authority
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18
Q

Major aims of British raj

A
  • Remaking India based on a British model through:
  • administrative social reform
  • $ development
  • new tech.
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19
Q

Colonial policies that lead to the beginning of Indian nationalism

A

Both the success and the failures of British india

-prohibiting sati, slavery, and other traditions that british found innappropriate

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20
Q

**Who replaced Indian slaves?

A

African slaves/peasants, this was opposed by many of the elites

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21
Q

Bombay’s location

A

Bombay is on the Western coast of India, and is convenient for the British in maritime trading (indian ocean and arabian sea)

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22
Q

“Second industrial revolution”

A

led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery during 2nd half of 19th century

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23
Q

As new methods of production became popular in _____ Europe, they spread to….

A

NORTHWESTERN, spread to other parts, US, Japan, and Russia

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24
Q

Development of the factory system

A

Concentrated labor in a single location and led to increasing degree of specialization of labor

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25
Q

Ex. of development of new machinery

A

steam engines and internal combustion engines

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26
Q

What did development of new machinery help with?

A

made it possible to exploit vast new resources of energy stored in fossil fuels (coal/oil)

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27
Q

“Fossil Fuel Revolution”

A

From coal/oil. Greatly increased energy available to human societies

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28
Q

Results of need for raw materials for factories and increased food supply

A

led to growth of export economies around worl that specialized in mass producing SINGLE NATURAL RESOURCES

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29
Q

Where were profits from single natural resources spent?

A

to buy finished goods

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30
Q

Rapid development of industrial production contributed to the

A

Decline of economically productive, agriculturally based economies

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31
Q

One example of declining agriculturally based economy

A

Textile production in India

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32
Q

What caused industrialized states to seek out new consumer markets for their finished goods?

A

Rapid increase in productivity cuased by industrial production

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33
Q

By 1900 all societies adjust to a new set of power relationships by

A

Military modernization

New training, technology, armies

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34
Q

New education+health

A

New efforts in public health [leads to population increase in 1900s]

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35
Q

Reactions to the West Growing commitments to nationalism

A

Spreads to defend traditions in society

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36
Q

The enlightenment movement

A

Complex and diverse intellectual movement which applied the methods and questions of the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century to the study of human society

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37
Q

Problem w/ Spanish Empire

A

Political Disempowerment: viceroys and Council of the Indies

Economic Disempowerment:

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38
Q

Council of the Indies

A

a group appointed by the King that met in Spain and sent its directives across the Atlantic

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39
Q

Viceroys

A

officials appointed by Spain to govern the colonies. Carried out Council of the Indies directives

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40
Q

Economic Disempowerment of Spanish Empire

A

Spain had the first right to colonial goods and resources. Excluding all competitors, economic policy was set for Spain’s maximum benefit.

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41
Q

Order of Spanish hierarchy

A

Peninsulare, Creoles, Meztizos/Mulattos, Indians/Africans

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42
Q

Creoles

A

People of pure
European blood
But born in the
New World

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43
Q

Peninsulares

A

Native Spanish

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44
Q

Mestizos

A

Indian+european

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45
Q

What pro-enlightened wanted their gov. to be based on

A

Government is based on a contract between the ruler and the ruled.

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46
Q

What pro-enlighteners wanted gov. to protect

A

Government exists to protect the citizens’ natural rights of life, liberty, & property

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47
Q

What pro-enlighteners wanted to do if their gov. got out of hand

A

If the government violates the natural rights of the people, the citizens have a right to revolt against that tyranny.

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48
Q

What American Revolution proved

A

The success of the American Revolution showed others that colonies could succeed in overthrowing their more powerful mother countries.

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49
Q

Event that started French Rev.

A

Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France in 1804.

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50
Q

What Napoleon did that pissed so many off

A

In an attempt to rule all of Europe, he puts family and friends in charge of the territories he has conquered.

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51
Q

How Napoleon pissed of Spain

A

In 1810, Napoleon puts his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain. The Spanish royal family flees

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52
Q

“George Washington of South America.”

A

Simon Bolivar

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53
Q

Who was Simon Bolivar?

A

Elite Creole planter turned military general turned revolutionist

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54
Q

What did Simon Bolivar do?

A
  • Liberated territories of modern day Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia
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55
Q

Who was Jose de San Martin?

A

Creole officer who had trained in European armies.

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56
Q

What did Jose de San Martin liberate?

A

Liberated Argentina from Spanish control.

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57
Q

Jose de San Martin vs. Bolivar

A

Met with Bolivar in Guayaquil in 1822. While Bolivar favored democracy, San Martin felt only monarchy could work. Turned over command.

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58
Q

MIGUEL HIDALGO how he started revolution

A

Hidalgo rang the church bell and called upon his mestizo and indigenous parishioners to take up arms against the Spanish.

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59
Q

Hidalgo’s army

A
  • Led a rag-tag army toward Mexico City, unleashing mass slaughter of peninsulares in path.
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60
Q

End of Hidalgo

A

Never made it to the capital – Captured and shot in 1811.

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61
Q

Who took over from Hidalgo?

A

Jose Morelos

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62
Q

Who was Morelos?

A

Mestizo Priest

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63
Q

Who was more successful Hidalgo or Morelos?

A

Morelos

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64
Q

Morelos’s Congress

A
  • Created a declaration of rights
    • Abolished slavery
    • Declared equality of classes
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65
Q

By 1830, nearly all Latin American countries were ruled by

A

Caudillos

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66
Q

The upper classes supported dictatorship because it kept the lower classes out of power, but the lower class…

A

did not have experience with democracy. Dictatorship seemed normal.

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67
Q

What did The War of 1812 with Britain show US?

A

had shown the U.S. that some-times revolutionary victories could lead to sequels.

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68
Q

The Monroe Doctrine

A

stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention.

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69
Q

Though the U.S. did not have the muscle to back up its threats, Great Britain agreed to support the Monroe Doctrine due to its new favorable trading position in Latin America.

A

ok

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70
Q

What the US promised Britain in the Monroe Doctrine

A

United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries

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71
Q

One-crop economies in Latin America

A

A colonial economy continued…Latin America mainly exported cash crops and raw materials while importing manufactured goods.

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72
Q

Result of Latin America taking giant loans

A

When the countries could not pay back their loans, foreign lenders gained control of major industries in Latin America.

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73
Q

Once Spanish left who could afford land?

A

Creoles only, social pyramid did not change

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74
Q

Before/After Latin American Gov.

A

B4: Dictatorship of the Council of the Indies and the Viceroys
AFTR: Dictatorship of the Caudillos

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75
Q

BEFORE/After $ in Latin America

A

B4:Unequal trade relationship with Spain benefiting AFTR: Unequal trade relationship with Great Britain and the U.S. benefiting

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76
Q

Who replaced Peninsulare after the revolution?

A

Creoles

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77
Q

Enlightenment Writers

A

 writings of John Locke, Voltaire, & Jean Rousseau; Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine.

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78
Q

Who led revolution in Haiti?

A

Toussaint L’Ouveture

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79
Q

Creole leader of the revolutions in Venezuela.

A

Simon Bolivar

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80
Q

What did independence economically bring more of?

A

Poverty CITY AND COUNTRYSIDE

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81
Q

Eighteenth Century beginning of what?

A

intense period of revollution and rebellion against existing government and new nation-states globally

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82
Q

What did revolutions result in?

A

sometimes the formation of new states and stimulation in the development of new ideologies

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83
Q

Revolutions helped strengthened anti-_________

A

imperialism

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84
Q

What did enlightenment though question?

A

established traditions in all areas of life often preceding the revolutions and rebellions against existing governments

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85
Q

4 Developments in tech and communication

A

Railroads, Steamships, Telegraphs, Canals

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86
Q

Mining Centers

A

South Africa/Mexico

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87
Q

What did South Africa mine?

A

Gold/Diamond

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88
Q

What did Mexico mine?

A

Copper

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89
Q

Political philosophy of enlightenment

A

Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that didnt grant full religious freedom or that insisted on aristocratic privilege

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90
Q

John Locke’s argument

A

People have the right to rebellion

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91
Q

How did Voltaire think people should be treated?

A

Equally

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92
Q

3 causes of the American Revolution

A

Britain’s attempt to impose new taxes and trade controls, a desire to overthrow colonial leadership, British mercantilism

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93
Q

French estate that declared itself nat. assembly

A

third estate

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94
Q

Haiti errupted in revolt b/c of the ___ in ____

A

The turmoil in revolutionary France

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95
Q

Who in Latin America did independence of Haiti serve as a symbol of freedom and hope for?

A

Slaves

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96
Q

French Revolution did not create…

A

An enduring form of representative democracy

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97
Q

Utopians and Marxists were ____ thinkers

A

socialist

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98
Q

Utopian society

A

Tried to build perfect communities where everyone profitted

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99
Q

Marxist/Utopian goal

A

People as a society would operate and own themeans of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few

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100
Q

Factors that led to industrial production

A

Europe’s location, geographical distribution of coaal, iron, imber, European demographic changes, Urbanization, Improved agricultural productivity, legal protection of private property, abundance of rivers and canals, access to foreign resources, accumaltion of capital

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101
Q

Example of “New Consumer market”

A

British and French attempts to “open up” the Chinese market in 1800s

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102
Q

To facillitate at all levels of industrial production, financiers ______

A

developed and expanded various financial institutions

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103
Q

where did revolutions begin?

A

America/Britian

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104
Q

French rev added _____ and rid ______

A

added popular sovereignty, got rid of monarchy

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105
Q

Adam Smith

A

Scotish economist “if people could seek individual gain, it would icnrease general wellfare” FREE MARKET CAPITALISM

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106
Q

John Stewart Mill

A

Smith’s critic– Questioned reg. captialism wanted to help working ppl policies w/ more = distribution of profit + WOMENS RiGHTS CLASSICAL LIBERALISM

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107
Q

CAPiTALISM

A

economy sys where $ is invested with goal of making profit.

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108
Q

Ex. of financial instruments expanded

A
  • stock market
  • insurance
  • gold standard
  • limited liability corp.
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109
Q

3 transnational businesses

A

United fruit co, HSBC, lipton

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110
Q

Results of global capitalism for industrialized states

A

many workers organized themselves to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages, while others opposed capitalists exploitation of workers by promotiong alternative viions of society

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111
Q

Why Qing/Ottoman gov. resisted economical change

A

to maintain preindustrial forms of production

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112
Q

4 examples of state-sponsored visions of industrialization

A
  • economic reforms of Meiji japan
  • development of factories and railroads in tsarist russia
  • China’s self-strengthening movemnet
  • Muhammad Ali’s development of cotton textile industry in Egypt
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113
Q

3 examples of reform

A
  • state pensions and public health in Germany
  • expansion of suffrage in Britain
  • Public education in many states
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114
Q

New social classes of industrialization

A

-middle class, industrial working class

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115
Q

What led to unsanitary conditions and new forms of community?

A

rapid urbanization and global capitalism

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116
Q

European states that established empires

A

Dutch, British, French, German, Russian

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117
Q

Who established transoceanic empires throughout Asia and the Pacific?

A

European states, AMericans, and Japanese

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118
Q

During time of transoceanic empires, who’s influence declined?

A

Spanish/Portugese

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119
Q

What did some Europeans use to est. states in Africa

A

Warfare, trickery through tech., diplomacy

120
Q

2 European states that established empires in Africa

A

Britain in West Africa, Belgium in Congo

121
Q

4 settler colonies

A

Southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand (British) and Algeria (French)

122
Q

settler colonies

A

foreign family units move into a region and reproduce. Land is thus the key resource in settler colonies

123
Q

2 examples of industrialized states practicing imperialism

A

British and French expanding influence through China through Opium Wars
-The British and US investing heavily in Latin America

124
Q

What led to beginning of Meiji empire?

A

US and European influence over Tokagawa Japan

125
Q

Who emulated European transoceanic imperialism and how?

A

US/Russia by conquering neighboring territories to expand their borders

126
Q

What led to contraction of Ottoman empire?

A

Anti-imperial resistance

127
Q

Opuim War

A

Broke out when negotaitions between the QIng official and British representatives reached a stalemate exposed that the Qing hereditary soldiers (BANNERMANS) were obsolete

128
Q

Treaty of nanking

A

dismantled canton system once britain reached nanjine (qing’s panic move_ this caused treaty ports to increase from 1-5

129
Q

Most favored nation status

A

granted from QIng to Britain

130
Q

Cause of Haitian rev

A

The French colony of Saint Domingue was one of the richest European colonies in the Americas, but its economic success was based on one of the most brutal slave regimes in the Caribbean.
The political turmoil in France weakened the ability of colonial administrators to maintain order and led to conflict between slaves and gens de couleur on the one hand and whites on the other. A slave rebellion under the leadership of François Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture took over the colony in 1794

131
Q

Result of Haitian Rev.

A

Napoleon’s 1802 attempt to reestablish French authority led to the capture of L’Ouverture, but failed to retake the colony, which became the independent republic of Haiti in 1804. Tens of thousands of people died in the Haitian revolution, the economy was destroyed, and public administration was corrupted by more than a decade of violence.

132
Q

Enlightenment Thinkers

A

Applied new ways of understanding the natural world to human relationships, encouraging observation and inference in all spheres of life

133
Q

Enlightenment intellectuals

A

Critiques the role that religion layed in public life insisting on the importance of reason as opposed to revelation

134
Q

What did enlightenment thinkers increase/ develop?

A

-increased resistance to existing political authority. Developed new political ideas about the individual

135
Q

The Opium War

A

Broke out when negotiations bw the Qing official and British reps reached a statlemate, exposed that the Qing hereditary solders, Bannerman, obsolete

136
Q

Treaty of Nanking

A

Dismantled Canton system once Brits reached Nanjing»Qing panic movve, this caused TREATY ports to increase from 1-5

137
Q

Treaty ports

A

Cities opened to foreign nations

138
Q

Qing Bannermans compared to British soldiers

A

obsolete in bad muskets and Britains superior rifles

139
Q

British sneak attack

A

Qing put so much effort into stopping british invasion of shores when British sneaking up through Yangzi River

140
Q

Cause of Taiping rebellion

A

14 years of social problems, unstable agriculture poverty Hong Xiuquan, founder of Taiping movement influenced by christianity/protestants promised as jesus’s little brother hed make “great peace”

141
Q

Influence of Qing rebellion

A

British and French maritime attacks

142
Q

what connected fields to industrial areas

A

canals

143
Q

3 vehicles that sqitched to steam power land

A

tractor, ship, train

144
Q

what did Crystal Palace exhibit?

A

industrial revolution’s products in a “utopia”

145
Q

3 changes of British reform bills

A
  • 1% more of population can vote
  • 4% more of pop. can vote
  • Twice the amount of voters elligible
146
Q

Laissez Faire

A

No need for gov. interference in business

147
Q

Utilitarianism

A

Gov. needed to pass legislation to deal with social problems

148
Q

positivism

A

Poor workers communities under protection of business leaders

149
Q

utopian socialism

A

groups of wokers live/work together on land and work in shops

150
Q

British/India $

A

British put India in debt for colonizations, didn’t pay it off enough

151
Q

What negatives social aspects Brit. got rid of in society

A

sati, infanticide, thugs

152
Q

positive changes britain made to india

A

new rihts to widows, new education

-new freedoms and peace/order+security

153
Q

Revolutions and effects

A

Transformed european and americcan societies in the late 18th/19th century

154
Q

What did revolutions spark?

A

Formation of national identities, influencing political development thoughout the world

155
Q

John Stuart Mill’s view on gov involvement

A

FULL GOV CONTROL OF ECONOMY

156
Q

Karl Marx/Adam Smith views on gov. involvement

A

NO GOV control of economy

157
Q

Who called shots in Ottoman empire?

A

Sultans supposed to but viziers did

158
Q

3 reasons for fall of Ottomans

A
  • Corruption of military corps.
  • production focused on handmaking not mass-prod. INFLATION
  • Instanbul eroded due to sultan slacking
159
Q

Decembrist revolt

A

Group of reform minded army officials sought to succeed alexander REVOLT FAILED

160
Q

Pan-slavism

A

Militant political doctrine advocating unity of all slavic ppl

161
Q

Slavophiles

A

intellecutals who opposed westernizers

162
Q

French rev and rights

A

granted many rights and freedoms to new people

163
Q

French rev equality

A

abolished slavery and men/women =

164
Q

When did opium imorts increase in China

A

1700-1840

165
Q

Treaty of Nanking and who it benefits

A
  • few benefits for Chinese
  • lasting peace b/w the 2
  • mostly China paying Britain
166
Q

The treaty of nanking opened __

A

ports

167
Q

China $ at start of Opoim war

A

not the most powerful due to trade w/ britain

168
Q

What was most damaging to Chinese $?

A

opening ports to britain

169
Q

Why Qing gave into British

A
  • Debt

- militarily inferior

170
Q

How Chinese felt abt Brits

A

hated em

171
Q

Traditional Imperialism

A

exploitation of colonies/regions but not any serious change in their internal $ or social orgs

172
Q

New Imperialism

A

The 19th century brought radical and far-reaching changes to the conquered countries–it completely changes the way the world operates

173
Q

Direct rule

A

Used by non-british euro gov. in africa/asia
-appoint gov. to colony and set up own colonial gov. to assimilate subjects into euro culture (NO PRESERVATIONS OF LOCAL TRADITIONS)

174
Q

Indirect rule

A

British system used existing political powers of conquered land
-interfered less w/ local traditions

175
Q

3 bullets of Africa b4 imperialism

A
  • hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups
  • 1000+ languages
  • Group size ranged from small ind. villages to large empires
176
Q

amount of african land controlled by brit 1800s early

A

10%

177
Q

When did scramble for AFr begin

A

1880

178
Q

Berlin Conference

A

rules for how europeans should stake their claim determined

179
Q

How did european countries claim afr. land

A

notifying other euro countries and showing that they could control area

180
Q

“Effective troops”

A

occupation could not be on paper- these were the troops that administered taking over africa

181
Q

African leaders at Berlin conf?

A

nope

182
Q

3 european adv. in afr

A

1st machine guns
RR/steamships
cure for malaria

183
Q

Products of Africa (reasons for imperialism)

A
  • ivory
  • gold
  • diamonds
  • rubber
  • silver
184
Q

bs ideology of euros in africa

A

they were “responsible” for colonizing ppl that didn’t ask for it

185
Q

King of euro Congo

A

publicly announced he was helping ppl of congo, but was doing opposite (land was his PERSONAL possession)

186
Q

impact of imperialism in west afr.

A
  • french rrs

- congo :(

187
Q

idiot king in congo

A

King leopold II

188
Q

Zulus

A

most powerful in south africa, well-org. nation

189
Q

American gov.

A

popular sovereignty

190
Q

What American rev inspired

A

the people of france to underrtake a thorough transformation of their own society

191
Q

French rev gave a distraction so _______ could earn freedom

A

saint-domingue(haiti)

192
Q

European and North American people embarked on _________

A

process of industrialization, by harnessing inanimate sources of energy and organizing prod. in factories, industrialists were able to produce high quality goods @ low costs

193
Q

places of 18th century ind.

A

n. amer aand euope

194
Q

places of 19th cent ind

A

russia/japan

195
Q

Free trade imperialism

A

economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, by maintaining legal independence of weaker state

196
Q

Panama Canal

A

Ship canalcut across isthmus of panama built by US army, made US sea voyage shorter

197
Q

year of Panama canal

A

1914

198
Q

What was new imperialism concerned about

A

Production for a country’sown economic benefits

199
Q

Product of new imperialism

A

Suez Canal brought more developed nations to new places, increasing imperialism

200
Q

Factors that led to economic imperialism in LA

A
  • caudillos in contol
  • most workerd for lage landowners, high rent low wages>debt
  • landowners wealthier aft. independence, (unequal distribution)
201
Q

How did foreign countries gain control of Latin American industries? Explain why LA nations remained poor after they gained independence

A

Economy depended on exports  each country focused on 1 or 2 exports. Increased with industrialization
Foreign nations benefited—LA traded raw materials for manufactured goods  led to lack of development of own industries in LA
Did not develop own infrastructure—often borrowed money from industrialized nations to increase exports—paid high interest rates  large debt

202
Q

date of span american war

A

1898

203
Q

cause of span american war

A

US had economic interest in Cuba
Spanish treating Cubans poorly
US joined Cuban war of independence from Spain

204
Q

Outcome of spanish american war

A

US wins war gained control of Spanish colonial possessions in Asia [Philippines] and South America.

While Cuba and Puerto Rico were soon given a measure of autonomy, the U.S. still reserved the right to intervene in their affairs when it best suited the national interests of the United States.

Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines became US territories

205
Q

Why was us interested in building panama canal

A

US encouraged / supported Panama revolution from Columbia  given area to build the canal
To increase economic activity, easier to travel to western US

206
Q

Roosevelt Corollary `

A

extension to the Monroe Doctrine
stated that only the U.S. would be allowed to intervene in South America.
With European nations trying to collect on bad debts in South American nations, the U.S. actually took over trade in areas in order to provide prompt payment to their creditors.

207
Q

year of roosevelt corollary

A

1904

208
Q

year of monro doct

A

1823

209
Q

How did US force the small nations of Central America and the Caribbean to repay loans owed to banks in Europe or the United States.

A

military intervention

210
Q

end of byzantine rule

A

sultan mehmed I laid siege to constantinople brought 1100 years of byzantine rule to an end

211
Q

what year did ottoman byzantine rule end

A

1453

212
Q

years of crimean war

A

1853-1856

213
Q

greece independence year

A

1830

214
Q

Rise of nationalism-Greece ind. WHO

A

-Greek nationalists organized+albanian interlopers=movement

215
Q

Greek independence cause

A

wanted to capture roots from muslim despots

216
Q

who won greece independence

A

europeans beat muslims

217
Q

Crimean war WHO

A

alliance w/ britian and french against russia

218
Q

what marked the start of modern warfare

A

crimean war

219
Q

did ottomans play important role in crimean war?

A

no

220
Q

Tanzimat reforms cause

A

defeat of muslims in greece

221
Q

tanzimat reforms whose?

A

Mahmud’s in Greece

222
Q

What did Mahmud want in the Tanzimat reforms?

A

To reduce power of religious leaders

223
Q

who supported tanzimat reforms

A

europeans

224
Q

3 parts of the tanzimat reforms

A
  • public trial
  • equal protection under laws (despite religon)
  • privacy rights
225
Q

Year of Suez Canal

A

1869

226
Q

Outcomes of Suez canal

A

Cairo improved but Egypt but into more debt

227
Q

What changes did the young ottomans promote?

A

liberal ideas derived from european nationalism+modernist islan

228
Q

Young ottoman constitution

A

drafted and passed by Sultan Abdul Hamid II

229
Q

Middle East Ottoman timeline

A

Mohammad Ali, rises in nationalism.The tanzimat reforms cry mean in war. SCYO

230
Q

When did Alexander I rule Russia

A

1801

231
Q

Why was Alexander I in Paris?

A

To eliminate Napoleon, retun capitals/countries to their rightful owners

232
Q

Russian Revs of 1848

A

Tsar shot down

233
Q

Rule of Alexander II year

A

1855

234
Q

Alexander II

A
  • took clear look @ industrial revolution, faced the facts and got hip
  • pardoned decembrists
  • made liveral/tech. developments
  • LIBERATED SERFS!
235
Q

Alexander II’s doc. declaring freedom of Serfs

A

Emancipation Manifesto (2 years before Lincoln)

236
Q

Who were Decembrists against?

A

Napoleon/Tsar’s lack of revolution

237
Q

Decembrist protest

A

Gathered in st.peterburg sq. began to chant for revolution

238
Q

Tsar’s response to decembrist

A

opened fire on the liberal rebels

239
Q

Who was leader during decembrist rev

A

Nicolas

240
Q

What did gov. do to leaders of decembrist uprising

A

sent to gallows, nicolas declared that a constitution would be out of the question

241
Q

A stab to the egos of Russia’s army

A

Crimean war proved them to be tech. inferior to France/England

242
Q

Who est. Qing dynasty

A

Manchurians

243
Q

Manchurian beliefs

A

they were superior to Chinese but valued confucian traditions/chinese culture

244
Q

When was China’s self strengthening movement?

A

1860s-1870s

245
Q

Goal of the self strengthening movement

A

to update chinas educational system, diplomatic service, and military

246
Q

Self-strengthening movement

A

China increase manufacturing of steam pwoered gunboats, rifles, and ammunitions had largest supply/storage in world by 1875

247
Q

Russian Timeline

A

Alex first of decembrist REVof1848. CW Alex 2nd Rev. of 1905

248
Q

decembrist revolt year

A

1825

249
Q

Results of self-strengthening movement

A
  • increase morale (ability to industrialize)
  • Hired foreigners to rrun many of arsenal ( who used raw materials and machinery from other countries»IMBALANCE OF TRADE IN CHINA)
250
Q

Boxer rebellion cause

A

Resentment of special privileges given to foreigners/resentment of Chinese Christians

251
Q

Boxer Rebellion event

A

campaign against empress rule

252
Q

Result of boxer rebellion

A

International forces cursh boxers/US/Allies Win,even greater concessions from Chinese/Right to permanent military forces in capital

253
Q

Taiping Rebellion belief

A

Millenarianism

254
Q

Millenarianism

A

belief by religious, social, or poitical group or movement in major transformation of society, after which, all things will be changed

255
Q

Europeans and taiping rebellion

A

at first they fought the Qing but then helped them (just wanted to be on winning side)

256
Q

Pop. and taiping reb.

A

(doubled) increase in pop. less food supply

257
Q

Taiping rebbellion WHO

A

Hong Xiuquan+followers (taiping)

258
Q

who did taiping want to take down?

A

manchus

259
Q

US prop to Japan

A

Open door policy

260
Q

year of open door policy

A

1899

261
Q

Open Door policy, US worried…

A

China would become colonized by European powers

262
Q

Open Door declaration

A

US proposed this which prevented colonization of China but opened up China to trade from all countries

263
Q

What did Open door policy do?

A

Protected US trading rights in China, protected China from formal colonization but not from outside influence through trade of foreign powers

264
Q

1905 Chinese Reform attempts

A

Empress sent chinese officials to study diff. gov. (Japan+major Euros)

265
Q

1905 Chinese reform attempted to…

A

institute constitutional monarchy (like Japan)

266
Q

outcome of 1905 reform attempts

A

change was slow and by 1911 Qing were defeated

267
Q

What was important to John Locke

A

Society has trust that shall be employed for their good and the preservation of their property

268
Q

what thinker cared abt prop.

A

john LOCKE

269
Q

Voltaire cared about

A

UNIVERSAL TOLERANCE, “we should regard all men as our brothers”

270
Q

Thomas Jefferson’s beliefs found in

A

declaration of independence

271
Q

Quotes from dec of ind

A

all me are created equal, unalienable rights, lifelibertypursuitofhappiness, just powers from consent of govern, ppl have right to form new gov.

272
Q

Karl Marx nickname

A

father of modern socialism

273
Q

What pissed of Karl Marx?

A

bad treatment of industrial workerss, capitalist system was to blame for evils in society, workers exploited

274
Q

What Karl Marx wanted

A

Capitalism to be replaced by socialism

275
Q

Karl Marx socialism and means of production

A

society, not priv. individuals, would own these

276
Q

Karl Marx wanted every worker…

A

to be equal

277
Q

Communist theory

A

abolish private property, bring all means of prod. into gov. hands

278
Q

Karl Marx ideal society

A

classless

279
Q

who copied europe just a taaaaaaaaad bit too much…

A

japan to the point where they didn’t even need europe

280
Q

Qing timeline

A

opium war tp china self strengthened and opened a door. boxer reform attempts

281
Q

Mathew Perry arrives in Tokyo Harbor

A
  • 5000 samurais on shore
  • he refused to leave
  • they gave in
282
Q

what US gained from treaty w/ tokyo from mathew perry

A

large coal, whales (for oil), multimillion $ industry

283
Q

Japan and China’s pledge

A

not to send armies into korea

284
Q

why was japan/china interested in korea

A

-korea important for trade/provided strategic military advantage

285
Q

China/Japan sign ________ in ______

A

hands off of korea agreement in 1894

286
Q

Cause of Russo-Japanese war

A

Japan’s victory in sino-Japan surprised many, Russia and Japan emerged as new regional power
CONFLICT OVER MANCHURIA»>war

287
Q

Who won Russo-Japanese war?

A

Japanese, drove Russia out of Korea and captured most of Russia’s pacific naval fleet

288
Q

End of Russo-Japanese war

A

In treaty that ended war Japan gained territory and force Russia out of Korea and Manchuria

289
Q

Sino-Japanese war case

A

June 1894 China broke agreement to stay out of Korea–China went into Korea to put down rebellions

290
Q

Sino-Japanese war begins!

A

Japan goes to remove China from Korea–begins war

291
Q

Who wins sino-Japanese war?

A

Japan, and gains first colonies including Taiwan

292
Q

Japan and Korea-1905

A

made korea a protectorate

293
Q

What year did Japan annex Korea?

A

1910

294
Q

Japan ruling Korea

A
  • harsh rulers
  • shut down newspapers and took over education
  • took land from korea for themselves
  • started Japanese businesses in Korea-did not allow Koreans to do this
295
Q

Japan timeline

A

mathew perry comes first, Mutsuhito Meiji start new gov., Japan/China make pledge hands off over korea, China breaks plesdge–>sino-japanese war, Russo-Japanese war, Japan annexes Korea

AP WORLD HISTORY (1 decks)

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