Ch.20 Heart and Neck Vessels

Question 1

What two main components make up the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

Heart & Blood Vessels

Question 2

What is the precordium?

Answer 2

Area on anterior chest overlying heart and great vessels

Question 3

How many chambers does the heart have?

Answer 3

4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricles

Question 4

What are the great vessels?

Answer 4

Major arteries and veins connected to the heart

Question 5

Where is the heart located?

Answer 5

Between lungs in the middle of the thoracic cage, referred to as the mediastinum

Question 6

From which intercostal spaces does the heart extend?

Answer 6

From 2nd to 5th intercostal space

Question 7

What are the two continuous loops of blood vessels?

Answer 7

• Pulmonary circulation
• Systemic circulation

Question 8

What is the pericardium?

Answer 8

Tough, fibrous, double-walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart

Question 9

What is the myocardium?

Answer 9

Muscular wall of heart responsible for pumping

Question 10

What is the endocardium?

Answer 10

Thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines inner surface of heart chambers and valves

Question 11

What are the two pump systems of the heart?

Answer 11

• Right side pumps blood into lungs
• Left side pumps blood into the body

Question 12

What is the function of heart valves?

Answer 12

To prevent backflow of blood

Question 13

How many valves are in the heart?

Answer 13

4 valves

Question 14

What are the two types of atrioventricular (AV) valves?

Answer 14

• Tricuspid valve (right)
• Bicuspid (Mitral) valve (left)

Question 15

What do semilunar (SL) valves separate?

Answer 15

Ventricles and arteries

Question 16

What is the direction of blood flow through the heart?

Answer 16

Superior/Inferior Vena Cava –> Right atrium –> Tricuspid Valve –> Right Ventricle –> Pulmonary Valve –> Pulmonary artery –> Lungs –> Left atrium –> Mitral valve –> Left ventricle –> Aortic valve –> Aorta –> Body

Question 17

What phases make up the cardiac cycle?

Answer 17

• Diastole
• Systole

Question 18

What occurs during diastole?

Answer 18

Heart is relaxed and ventricles fill

Question 19

What occurs during systole?

Answer 19

Ventricles contract and eject blood

Question 20

What is the first heart sound (S1) associated with?

Answer 20

Closure of AV valves—signals beginning of systole

Question 21

What is the second heart sound (S2) associated with?

Answer 21

Closure of semilunar valves—signals end of systole

Question 22

What does the third heart sound (S3) indicate?

Answer 22

Ventricles resistant to filling during early rapid filling phase

Question 23

What does the fourth heart sound (S4) indicate?

Answer 23

Ventricle resistant to filling at end of diastole

Question 24

What are the two types of heart murmurs?

Answer 24

• Systolic murmurs
• Diastolic murmurs

Question 25

What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 25

SA Node

Question 26

What does the P wave on an ECG represent?

Answer 26

Depolarization of atria

Question 27

What does the QRS complex on an ECG represent?

Answer 27

Depolarization of ventricles

Question 28

What is the significance of the jugular venous pulse?

Answer 28

It can assess central venous pressure (CVP) and judge heart's efficiency as a pump

Question 29

What is isolated systolic hypertension?

Answer 29

Increase in systolic BP due to thickening and stiffening of the arteries

Question 30

What lifestyle habits can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?

Answer 30

* No current smoking * No obesity * Physical activity at least once a week * Healthy diet

Question 31

What indicates jugular vein distention (JVD)?

Answer 31

Underlying cardiac issue such as right sided heart failure

Question 32

What should be assessed when palpating the carotid artery?

Answer 32

Contour and amplitude of pulse, normal strength 2+

Question 33

What is the purpose of auscultating the carotid artery?

Answer 33

To assess for presence of carotid bruit

Question 34

What should be inspected in the precordium?

Answer 34

Any possible pulsations and apical impulse

Question 35

What is the significance of the apical pulse?

Answer 35

It indicates the location, size, amplitude, and duration of the heart's contraction

Question 36

What areas should be identified during auscultation?

Answer 36

* Aortic valve area * Pulmonic valve area * Tricuspid valve area * Mitral valve area

Question 37

What is the first step in health promotion for cardiac patients?

Answer 37

Appropriate aspirin therapy

Question 38

What questions should be asked regarding chest pain?

Answer 38

* Onset and location * Characteristics * Precipitating events * Associated symptoms * Relieved or worsened by

Question 39

What should be assessed regarding dyspnea?

Answer 39

* Type of activity and occurrence * Onset and duration * Presence of orthopnea