Ch.2 Theories of Development

Question 1

Psychosexual theory - Sigmund Freud

Answer 1

-internal drives and emotions influence behavior
-3 personality types: id, ego, and superego

Question 2

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalytic Theories

Hidden memories of traumatic childhood events are often repressed/hidden

Answer 2

-Freud proposed that hidden memories of traumatic childhood events are often hidden or repressed
-most people retain the traumatic memories, but false memories can be created if repressed memories are explored
-specific training aids therapists to recall concrete evidence for memories

False memories maybe created if repressed memorie are explored

Question 3

5 stages of Freud’s Psychosexual stages

Answer 3

1. Oral (birth - 1 yr)
2. Anal (1-3 yrs)
3. Phallic (3-6 yrs)
4. latency (6-12 yrs)
5. Genital (12 yrs)

Question 4

Psychosocial Theory (Erik Erikson)

Answer 4

-Development is influenced by common cultural standards and internal drives
-each psychosocial stage requires resolution of a crisis
-healthy development requires a favorable ratio of positive to negative experiences

Question 5

Erikson’s psychosocial stages

Answer 5

1. Trust vs. mistrust (birth - 1yr)
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3 yrs)
3. Initiative vs. guilt (3-6 yrs)
4. Industry vs. inferiority (6-12 yrs)
5. Identity vs. role confusion (12-18 yrs)
6. Intimacy vs. isolation (16-30 yrs)
7. Generativity vs. stagnation (30 yrs- late adulthood)
8. Integrity vs. despair (late adulthood)

Question 6

Which stages of his theory did Erikson say forms the foundation of the adult personality?

Answer 6

the first four stages (childhood-adulthood transition is influential)

Question 7

Learning theories (Ivan Pavlov)

Answer 7

-Classical conditioning
-Reflex
-Stimulus

Question 8

Classical conditioning

Answer 8

learning process that occurs through associations and naturally occurring stimulus

Question 9

Reflex

Answer 9

Stimulus-response connection

Question 10

Learned

Answer 10

conditioned stimulus elicits conditioned response

Question 11

Learning theories (B.F. Skinner)

Answer 11

Operant conditioning: deals with the modification of voluntary behavior
-behaviors are dependent on reinforcement

Question 12

4 types of reinforcement (B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning)

Answer 12

1. Positive reinforcement: adding a pleasurable stimulus
2. Negative reinforcement: removing an unpleasant stimulus
3. Punishment: any event/object that follows a response and makes the response less likely to happen again
4. Extinction: the removal of a reinforcer

Question 13

Social Cognitive Theory - Albert Bandura

Answer 13

Learning results from seeing a model reinforced or punished for behavior
-dependent on 4 factors: attention, memory, physical abilities, and motivation

Question 14

4 factors the Social Cognitive Theory is dependent on

Answer 14

1. Attention
2. Memory
3. Physical Capabilities
4. Motivation

Question 15

Cognitive theories

Answer 15

emphasizes mental aspects of development, such as logic and memory

Question 16

Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages

Answer 16

1. Sensorimotor (0-2)
2. Preoperational (2-7)
3. Concrete Operations (7-11)
4. Formal Operations (12+)