CH2 Part 1

Question 1

Cardiovascular system include

心血管系统

Answer 1

heart, blood vessels, and blood. (pump blood and provides the force to perfuse灌流 working tissues during physical activity)

Question 2

respiratory system includes

呼吸系统

Answer 2

airways and lungs

Question 3

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 3

energy in the form of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) can be produced for cellular
work

Question 4

myocardium 心肌层

Answer 4

The muscular walls of the heart

Question 5

myocytes 心室肌细胞

Answer 5

composed primarily of cardiac muscle cells,

Question 6

heart has four chambers

Answer 6

two upper chambers are the right and left atria（心房）,

and the two lower chambers are the right and left ventricles （心室）

Question 7

atria（心房）

Answer 7

receive blood

Question 8

ventricles（心室）

Answer 8

eject blood to the body through great
vessels (pulmonary artery and aorta). The heart
is functionally separated into the right side and
the left side.

Question 9

pulmonary circulation（肺循环）

Answer 9

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 10

systemic circulation（体循环）

Answer 10

and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to

the rest of the body

Question 11

interventricular septum 心室间隔

Answer 11

separated the sides of the heart are physically

Question 12

intercalated discs 心肌闰run盘

Answer 12

specialized membrane structures and functionally connected the adjacent （临近） myocytes

Question 13

key point ：During prolonged 延长 tactical activities

Answer 13

During prolonged 延长 tactical activities, cardiac
output must be increased and then maintained
at high levels to supply working muscle with
needed oxygen

Question 14

heart rate (HR).

Answer 14

frequency with which the heart beats （ approximately 70 times per minute at rest but can increase up to approximately 200 beats/min in young adults during maximal exercise.

Question 15

stroke volume (SV) 每搏输出量

Answer 15

The amount of
blood pumped from the heart with each beat is the
stroke volume (SV). SV averages approximately 70
ml per beat in healthy young men and can increase
to about 140 ml with maximal exercise
SV is the difference between EDV
and ESV (SV = EDV − ESV).

Question 16

Cardiac output (Q.）心排出量

Answer 16

Cardiac output (Q.
) is the product of HR × SV
and represents the amount of blood pumped each
minute; essentially, it is a measure of blood flow
through the cardiovascular system each minute.
Cardiac output at rest is approximately 5 L/min,
but this increases dramatically during exercise,
reaching values of 25 to 30 L

Question 17

diastole 心房舒张期

Answer 17

The alternating periods of relaxation,

Question 18

systole, 心脏收缩

Answer 18

contraction, or allow the heart to fill with

blood and then pump the blood into the circulation.

Question 19

end-diastolic volume (EDV). 舒张末期血流速度

Answer 19

. The amount of blood that returns to the
ventricles at the end of the filling period (diastole)
is the

Question 20

end-systolic volume (ESV).

Answer 20

The amount of blood that remains in the ventricle after the 
contraction period (systole) is the

Question 21

Sinoatrial窦房 (SA) node

Answer 21

initiates electrical impulses. Often known as the pacemaker of the heart

Question 22

Atrioventricular心房与心室 (AV) node

Answer 22

the signal travels from the SA node to the AV node via the internodal pathway. The electrical signal is delayed
briefly (~0.1 second) at the AV node before the
signal is transmitted to the ventricles.

Question 23

Atrioventricular心房与心室 (AV) bundle

Answer 23

the only connection for electrical signals between the atria and ventricles. The AV bundle is also called
the bundle of His

Question 24

Left and right bundle branches

Answer 24

—carry the signal to the apex (bottom) of the heart and

to the right and left ventricles.

Question 25

Purkinje fibers

Answer 25

—the final portion of the conduction system that brings electrical signals to
cardiac muscle cells throughout the ventricles.
The Purkinje fibers are also called the subendocardial conducting network

Question 26

sympathetic nerve fibers

交感神经

Answer 26

(which increase HR)

Question 27

parasympathetic fibers

副交感神经

Answer 27

(which decrease HR).

Question 28

Key Point ：Withdrawal of the parasympathetic

Answer 28

Withdrawal of the parasympathetic nervous system and activation of the sympathetic nervous
system produce rapid increases in HR during
exercise and tactical events.

Question 29

electrocardiogram

(ECG),心电图

Answer 29

a composite of all the electrical activity in the conduction system and the contractile cells of the heart.
three most distinguishable waves of the ECG
are the following P wave，QRS complex，T wave

Question 30

P wave

Answer 30

reflects depolarization (electrical
signal) of the atria and leads to contraction
of the atria.

Question 31

QRS complex

Answer 31

reflects depolarization of the ventricles and leads to contraction of the ventricles， large changes in amplitude
caused by the wave of depolarization
spreading across the ventricles.

Question 32

T wave

Answer 32

reflects repolarization of the
ventricles and leads to relaxation of the
ventricles

Question 33

vasculature 脉管系统

Answer 33

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

Question 34

Arteries 动脉

Answer 34

are large vessels that carry blood away
from the heart to distal parts of the body. They
have elastic弹性 muscular walls that permit them to
accommodate调节 the increase in blood volume and
pressure when blood is ejected during systole and
to recoil during diastole

Question 35

Arterioles小动脉

Answer 35

are smaller vessels that distribute the
blood to various organs. Because of their ability to
vasoconstrict and vasodilate, arterioles can exquisitely control blood flow to an organ and match
blood flow to energy needs at any given moment

Question 36

vasoconstriction 血管收缩

Answer 36

The walls of arterioles

contain smooth muscle that causes (decreased vessel diameter) when the vessels contract

Question 37

vasodilation 血管舒张

Answer 37

(increased vessel diameter) when they relax

Question 38

Key Point：Blood-flow needs

Answer 38

Blood-flow needs of an organ during physical
activity are achieved through constriction or
vasodilatation of arterioles

Question 39

Capillaries 毛细血管

Answer 39

have the smallest diameter and are

the most abundant vessels. gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide) exchange between the blood and the tissue.

Question 40

Venules 小静脉

Answer 40

are small vessels of the microcirculation 微循环that carry blood from the capillary beds to the
veins.

Question 41

Veins 静脉

Answer 41

are large, compliant vessels that carry blood back to the
heart. They have elastic walls that permit them to
distend and fill with blood more easily than arteries, and many have valves that prevent backflow.

Question 42

Blood pressure

Answer 42

is a major homeostatic 自我平衡 variable
that must be maintained within limits for the body
to function properly

Question 43

hypoperfusion灌注不足

Answer 43

If blood pressure is too low,

then blood flow is not adequate to provide needed oxygen to tissues, a condition called hypoperfusion

Question 44

Systolic blood pressure (SBP) 收缩压

Answer 44

is the pressure in the arteries following

contraction of the heart (systole), and

Question 45

diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 舒张压

Answer 45

is the pressure in the arteries following relaxation of the heart (diastole).

Question 46

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)平均动脉压

Answer 46

is the weighted
average of SBP and DBP, and it represents the
mean driving force of blood through the vascular
system. Mean arterial pressure can be calculated
using the following equation:
MAP = (SBP − DBP) / 3 + DBP

Question 47

total peripheral resistance (TPR),

Answer 47

Blood pressure is determined by cardiac
output (blood flow) and resistance to blood
flow in the vascular system,
MAP = Q.× TPR