CH2 Part 1 Flashcards
cardiovascular system
Cardiovascular system include
心血管系统
heart, blood vessels, and blood. (pump blood and provides the force to perfuse灌流 working tissues during physical activity)
respiratory system includes
呼吸系统
airways and lungs
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
energy in the form of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) can be produced for cellular
work
myocardium 心肌层
The muscular walls of the heart
myocytes 心室肌细胞
composed primarily of cardiac muscle cells,
heart has four chambers
two upper chambers are the right and left atria（心房）,
and the two lower chambers are the right and left ventricles （心室）
atria（心房）
receive blood
ventricles（心室）
eject blood to the body through great
vessels (pulmonary artery and aorta). The heart
is functionally separated into the right side and
the left side.
pulmonary circulation（肺循环）
The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
systemic circulation（体循环）
and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to
the rest of the body
interventricular septum 心室间隔
separated the sides of the heart are physically
intercalated discs 心肌闰run盘
specialized membrane structures and functionally connected the adjacent （临近） myocytes
key point ：During prolonged 延长 tactical activities
During prolonged 延长 tactical activities, cardiac
output must be increased and then maintained
at high levels to supply working muscle with
needed oxygen
heart rate (HR).
frequency with which the heart beats （ approximately 70 times per minute at rest but can increase up to approximately 200 beats/min in young adults during maximal exercise.
stroke volume (SV) 每搏输出量
The amount of
blood pumped from the heart with each beat is the
stroke volume (SV). SV averages approximately 70
ml per beat in healthy young men and can increase
to about 140 ml with maximal exercise
SV is the difference between EDV
and ESV (SV = EDV − ESV).
Cardiac output (Q.）心排出量
Cardiac output (Q.
) is the product of HR × SV
and represents the amount of blood pumped each
minute; essentially, it is a measure of blood flow
through the cardiovascular system each minute.
Cardiac output at rest is approximately 5 L/min,
but this increases dramatically during exercise,
reaching values of 25 to 30 L
diastole 心房舒张期
The alternating periods of relaxation,
systole, 心脏收缩
contraction, or allow the heart to fill with
blood and then pump the blood into the circulation.
end-diastolic volume (EDV). 舒张末期血流速度
. The amount of blood that returns to the
ventricles at the end of the filling period (diastole)
is the
end-systolic volume (ESV).
The amount of blood that remains in the ventricle after the contraction period (systole) is the
Sinoatrial窦房 (SA) node
initiates electrical impulses. Often known as the pacemaker of the heart
Atrioventricular心房与心室 (AV) node
the signal travels from the SA node to the AV node via the internodal pathway. The electrical signal is delayed
briefly (~0.1 second) at the AV node before the
signal is transmitted to the ventricles.
Atrioventricular心房与心室 (AV) bundle
the only connection for electrical signals between the atria and ventricles. The AV bundle is also called
the bundle of His
Left and right bundle branches
—carry the signal to the apex (bottom) of the heart and
to the right and left ventricles.
Purkinje fibers
—the final portion of the conduction system that brings electrical signals to
cardiac muscle cells throughout the ventricles.
The Purkinje fibers are also called the subendocardial conducting network
sympathetic nerve fibers
交感神经
(which increase HR)
parasympathetic fibers
副交感神经
(which decrease HR).
Key Point ：Withdrawal of the parasympathetic
Withdrawal of the parasympathetic nervous system and activation of the sympathetic nervous
system produce rapid increases in HR during
exercise and tactical events.
electrocardiogram
(ECG),心电图
a composite of all the electrical activity in the conduction system and the contractile cells of the heart.
three most distinguishable waves of the ECG
are the following P wave，QRS complex，T wave
P wave
reflects depolarization (electrical
signal) of the atria and leads to contraction
of the atria.
QRS complex
reflects depolarization of the ventricles and leads to contraction of the ventricles， large changes in amplitude
caused by the wave of depolarization
spreading across the ventricles.
T wave
reflects repolarization of the
ventricles and leads to relaxation of the
ventricles
vasculature 脉管系统
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
Arteries 动脉
are large vessels that carry blood away
from the heart to distal parts of the body. They
have elastic弹性 muscular walls that permit them to
accommodate调节 the increase in blood volume and
pressure when blood is ejected during systole and
to recoil during diastole
Arterioles小动脉
are smaller vessels that distribute the
blood to various organs. Because of their ability to
vasoconstrict and vasodilate, arterioles can exquisitely control blood flow to an organ and match
blood flow to energy needs at any given moment
vasoconstriction 血管收缩
The walls of arterioles
contain smooth muscle that causes (decreased vessel diameter) when the vessels contract
vasodilation 血管舒张
(increased vessel diameter) when they relax
Key Point：Blood-flow needs
Blood-flow needs of an organ during physical
activity are achieved through constriction or
vasodilatation of arterioles
Capillaries 毛细血管
have the smallest diameter and are
the most abundant vessels. gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide) exchange between the blood and the tissue.
Venules 小静脉
are small vessels of the microcirculation 微循环that carry blood from the capillary beds to the
veins.
Veins 静脉
are large, compliant vessels that carry blood back to the
heart. They have elastic walls that permit them to
distend and fill with blood more easily than arteries, and many have valves that prevent backflow.
Blood pressure
is a major homeostatic 自我平衡 variable
that must be maintained within limits for the body
to function properly
hypoperfusion灌注不足
If blood pressure is too low,
then blood flow is not adequate to provide needed oxygen to tissues, a condition called hypoperfusion
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) 收缩压
is the pressure in the arteries following
contraction of the heart (systole), and
diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 舒张压
is the pressure in the arteries following relaxation of the heart (diastole).
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)平均动脉压
is the weighted
average of SBP and DBP, and it represents the
mean driving force of blood through the vascular
system. Mean arterial pressure can be calculated
using the following equation:
MAP = (SBP − DBP) / 3 + DBP
total peripheral resistance (TPR),
Blood pressure is determined by cardiac
output (blood flow) and resistance to blood
flow in the vascular system,
MAP = Q.× TPR
