Ch2: Measurement, Central Tendency, and Variability

Question 1

Nominal Scale

Answer 1

categorical scale, qualitative measurement, categorical measurement: different entities receive different values

Question 2

Ordinal Scale

Answer 2

numbers to covey less than and more than information

Question 3

Summative Scale

Answer 3

require respondents to assign numbers to represent attitudes or judgments

Question 4

Interval Scale

Answer 4

Fixed distances between the number represent equal intervals

Question 5

Ratio Scale

Answer 5

Has an absolute zero point, where zero means the absence of the property

Question 6

Qualitative measurement

Answer 6

obtained from using a nominal scale of measurement
Categorical variables
Nonmetric Variables
Dichotomous variables (where there are only two values or categories)
Grouped variables
Classfication variables

Question 7

Quatitative measurement

Answer 7

Continous variables
Metric variables
Ungrouped variables

Question 8

Central tendency

Answer 8

Measures of central tendency provide and index (or single-value summary) of the most typical score in a set of distribution of scores

Question 9

Variability

Answer 9

how scores within a group or treatment condition vary or deviate from one another

Question 10

Y

Answer 10

scores on the dependent variable

Question 11

Yi

Answer 11

represent any scroe and thus is applicable to every score

Question 12

n

Answer 12

the number of scores within a group or treatment condition

Question 13

N

Answer 13

the entire sample size

Question 14

Y bar

Answer 14

the mean of the scores

Question 15

Variance

Answer 15

how dispersed the scores are with respect to the mean

Question 16

Sum of squares

Answer 16

SS, which becomes the numerator of the variance formula

Question 17

degrees of freedom

Answer 17

a denominator that adjust the sum of squares

Question 18

S2 =

Answer 18

SS/df

Question 19

ANOVA

Answer 19

allows us to partition (divide) the total variance measured in the study into its sources or component parts

Question 20

ANOVA

Answer 20

a general statitistical technique that we use to compare the scores in one condition to those of one or more other conditions

Question 21

Three classes of ANOVA designs

Answer 21

between-subjects design, within-subjects or repeated-measures designs, and mixed-designs

Question 22

one-way between subject design

Answer 22

only one independent variable

Question 23

MS

Answer 23

mean square: the variance of each respective source of variance

Question 24

Sources of variance

Answer 24

represents a portion or partition of the total variance

Question 25

Factor, factors, or treatments

Answer 25

independent variables

Question 26

S/A

Answer 26

subjects within the level of Factor A

Question 27

Total sum of squares

Answer 27

ignore the fact that there are multiple groups involved in the study and simply pool all of the data together

Question 28

grand mean YT bar

Answer 28

mean based on all of the individual scores

Question 29

SSA

Answer 29

between-groups sum of squares

Question 30

Yj bar

Answer 30

the mean for a given group

Question 31

error variance

Answer 31

these other variables contribute measurement variability to the study, and that unaccounted for variability within each group

Question 32

SS S/A

Answer 32

the within-group sum of squares

Question 33

degree of freedom for the total variance

Answer 33

equal to the total number of observations minus 1

Question 34

degree of freedom for the between-groups effect

Answer 34

equal to the number of levels of independent variable minus one

Question 35

degree of freedom for the error variance

Answer 35

equal to the sum of the degrees of freedom for each of the groups