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MCAT BIO > Ch.2 Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Ch.2 Cellular Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

3 tenets of Cell Theory

A

All living organism are composed of one of more cells
Cells are the basic unit of life
All cells arise from preexisting cells

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2
Q

Nuclear membrane (envelope) structure

A

double membrane/2 sets of phospholipid bilayers

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3
Q

Nuclear pore function

A

protein complexes that allow selective transport of larger molecular across nuclear membrane (RNA, PT)

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4
Q

Nucleolus

A

Within nucleus, assembles ribosomes

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5
Q

Cytosol

A

gel-like aqueous solution that comprises the liquid found in cells

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6
Q

Mitochondria genetic material

A

own circular DNA, inherited maternally, and undergoes binary fission

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7
Q

How material enters Lysosome

A

material from outside cell enters lysosomes via endocytosis
material from inside cell enters through autophagy

At pH of 4.5-5.0 because enzymes function best in acid

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8
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum: smooth vs rough fucntion

A

Smooth ER: lipid metabolism (produces phospholipid components of membranes throughout cell), production of steroid hormones, and detoxification

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9
Q

Golgi apparatus functions

A

Modifies its and packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles that are sent to destination

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10
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Where peroxides accumulate. Peroxisomes help metabolize very long chain lipids, breaking them down into medium-chain lipids that are transported to the mitochondria for further processing.
Also does detoxification of substances like ethanol

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11
Q

Microfilaments

A

Composed of 2 stands of actin polymers. Responsible for cell mobility ends and exocytosis. Actin interacts with myosin for muscle contraction

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12
Q

Microtubules

A

dimers of alpha and beta tubular. Helps maintain structure of cell, make up cilia and flagella, role in intracellular transport, and make up mitotic spindles (which sep chromosomes)

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13
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

its that provide structural support and are involved in cellular adhesion process (e.g., keratin)

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14
Q

Centrioles

A

made of tubulin; help organize mitotic spindle and are imp constituent of centrosome

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15
Q

Centrosome

A

major microtubule organizing center within cell. Composed of two centrioles.

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16
Q

Eukaryotic cilia and flagella structure

A

Cilia (moves subs along cell surface) and flagella (allow cell to move and can be sensory appendages) have 9+2 structure in eukaryotes—-9 pairs of microtubules in a ring that surround inner ring of two microtubules.

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17
Q

Euk flagella vs Prok flagella

A

Euk flagella flap back and forth, with movement powered by ATP.
Pork flagella uses rotary motion and is powered by a proton gradient and composed of pt called flagellin

18
Q

Cholesterol and membrane fluidity

A

Cholesterol promotes fluidity at low temp by preventing crystal structures from being formed among phospholipid tails and promotes stability at high temp by inhibiting movement of phospholipids in lipid bilayer

19
Q

Shapes of bacterial

A 
cocci = spherical
bacilli = rod
spirilli = spiral
20
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

anaerobic metabolism and oxygen toxic

21
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

anaerobic metabolism, but can live in oxygen envrionment

22
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

anaerobic or aerobic metabolism

23
Q

obligate aerobes

A

require oxygen for metabolism. Carry out aerobic metabolism within cell membrane

24
Q

Gram + vs Gram - bacterial cell walls

A

All bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, a polysaccharid that gives rigidity to wall.
Gram + have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall that turns purple in gram staining
Gram - have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall with outer lipopolysaccharide layer. The lipopolysaccharide layer can induce innate immune response in humans causing inflammation.
Some antibiotics differ based on type of cell wall it targets

25
Q

Bacteria flagella structure

A

filament (made of flagellin), basal body (where rotation occurs), hook (connects the basal body of the filament)

26
Q

Virulence factors

A

coded for in plasmids and are anything that allows a bacterial infection to be more virulent or harmful to host

27
Q

Binary fission steps

A

realists in two daughter cells identical to parent

replication, segregation of DNA to opposite poles of bacterial, new cell wall grows, two daughter cells separate

28
Q

Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms

A

Increase genetic variability

transformation: absorption of material directly from environment
transduction: virus-mediated gene transfer. Viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophages) and can incorporate part of bacterial genetic material into their genome and virus can then infect another bacterial cell and incorporate other bacterial cells genetic material
conjugation: transfer of a plasmid through a bridge that is created when sex plus on one bacterium (F+ for fertility factor) attaches to another bacterium (F-). The fertility factor is duplicated and transferred creating a new F+ cell. This contributes to spread of antibiotic resistance

29
Q

Why are viruses called obligate intracellular parasites

A

because they must hijack host to replicate

30
Q

Viral capsid

A

protein coat

31
Q

Enveloped vs non-envelope viruses

A

enveloped are more sensitive to environment. E.g., HIV has to be transported vis bodily fluids because it has an envelope and thus cannot survive environment outside host

32
Q

Virion

A

fully-assembled infectious virus

33
Q

Types of single stranded viruses

A

+ sense: have mRNA that can be translated immediately by cell
- sense: have RNA complementary to mRNA. It must by synthesized by RNA replicase that is carried in virion

34
Q

BACTERIOPHAGES

A

infect bacteria by injecting material into host via tail sheath instead of entering cell

35
Q

Retroviruses

A

single stranded. Use reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from RNA. Incorporates DNA into genome of host cell, where it replicates along host - cannot be killed without killing host

36
Q

Viral life cycle

A

Lytic cycle: bacteriophage replicates in host using host machinery. Eventually host cell bursts or lyses (host killed) and new virions spill into environment
Lysogenic cycle: bacteriophage integrates itself into host genome— now referred as prophage/provirus

37
Q

Prions

A

misfolded infectious proteins that cause other proteins to misfold

38
Q

Viroids

A

small infectious particles in plants that can silence gene expression by binding to specific RNA sequences

39
Q

Cell Cycle

A 
Interphase
G1: Cell Growth
G0: non-dividing
G1/S check point: has cell grown enough/ If so, committed to division
S: DNA duplicates
G2: cell prepares for mitosis
G2/M checkpoint; is DNA duplicated? Can cell divide?
M Phase/Mitosis:
PMAT
40
Q

Prok vs Euk genetic info

A

Prok circular DNA usually in cytoplasm

Euk DNA linear, found in nucleus

41
Q

Prok vs Euk Ribosome size

A

Prok: 30s and 50s
Euk: 40s and 60s

MCAT BIO (2 decks)

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