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HLSC 126 > Ch.2 Cell Metabolism + Death > Flashcards

Ch.2 Cell Metabolism + Death Flashcards

1
Q

Messy cell death

A

Necrosis

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2
Q

What happens with necrosis

A
  1. Cell swells
  2. Organelles fall apart
  3. Harm neighbor cells
  4. Inflammatory response
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3
Q

Tidy cell death

A

Apoptosis

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4
Q

What happens with Apoptosis

A
  1. Cells shrink
  2. Cells break into tiny blebs
  3. Neighbors are unharmed
  4. Remains eaten by immune cells
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5
Q

Anabolism

A

Breaks ATP. Is a endergonic rxn that uses energy anytime something is synthesized

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6
Q

What does anabolism involve

A
  1. Biosynthesis
  2. Dehydration (-H2O)
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7
Q

Catabolism

A

Makes ATP exogenic rxn that releases anergy when glucose is used to make ATP

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8
Q

What does catabolism involve

A
  1. Degrative
  2. Hydrolytic (+H2O)
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9
Q

How is mitochondria involved with cell metabolism

A
  1. Major site of ATP production
  2. Contains enzymes for: Citric acid cycle + electron transport chain
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10
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical rxns

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11
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate, adenosine + sugar

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12
Q

What are the steps to make ATP in a cell

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric Acid Cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain
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13
Q

Glycolysis

A

Chemical process that breaks glucose into pyruvic acid molecules

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14
Q

Steps in glycolysis

A

Glucose goes in, follows the 10 steps (Generates 2 ATP- glucose pieces picked up by vit b)

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15
Q

What does glycolysis produce

A

2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

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16
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

Requires O2, takes 2 pyruvic acid from glycolysis into 8 biochemical rxns

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17
Q

What does the citric acid cycle produce

A

8 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP

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18
Q

Electron Transport Train

A

Requires O2, series of rxns in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Largest source of ATP

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19
Q

What does the electron transport chain produce

A

34 ATP

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20
Q

How much ATP is produced by the sequences

A

38 ATP -2 for transport = 36 ATP

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21
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Thin layer of lipids and proteins that are the outer boundary of the cell (Phospholipid Bilayer)

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22
Q

What does the plasma membrane do

A
  1. Controls movement in and out of cell
  2. Participates in the joining of cells
  3. Has a role in the response to environmental changes
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23
Q

What is the Phospholipid Bilayer made of

A

Made of two alcohol and phosphate heads and a fatty acid tail, follows a fluid mosaic model

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24
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates in the plasma membrane

A
  1. Cell identification markers
  2. guides cells to designated areas
  3. Allow for growth and create boundary’s
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25
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane

A
  1. Stabilize membrane over a range of temps
  2. Prevent fatty acids from crystalizing
  3. Contribute to cell fluidity
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26
Q

Functions of the membrane proteins

A
  1. Span across membrane to form channels across the lipid bilayer
  2. Carrier molecules
  3. Docking marker acceptors
  4. Membrane bound enzymes
  5. Receptor sites
  6. Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
  7. Important for cells to recognize “self” in cell to cell reactions
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27
Q

Functions of the lipid bilayer

A
  1. Forms the basic structure of the membrane
  2. Forms a barrier to water-soluble substances
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28
Q

Function of membrane carbohydrates

A
  1. Self-identity markers
  2. Contain surface markers used during tissue growth
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29
Q

Aerobic

A

Has O2
Can go through all 3 cycles
Net ATP= 36

30
Q

Anaerobic

A

Has no O2
Only goes through Glycolysis
Net ATP= 2

31
Q

Cell-to-cell adhesions

A

Bind tissues + pack them into organs
held together by 3 means

32
Q

What are the 3 cell to cell adhesions

A
  1. Junctions
  2. Extracellular Matrix
  3. CAMs
33
Q

What are the 3 junctions

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Gap Junctions
34
Q

What makes up the Extracellular matrix

A

Collagen
Elastin
Fibronectin

35
Q

What are CAMs

A

Cadherins + integrins

36
Q

What is a cadherin

A

cell membrane proteins that mediate cell to cell adhesions

37
Q

What is an integrin

A

Allows cells to bind to the extracellular matrix

38
Q

Desmosomes

A

anchor junction
strongest
impenetrable
forms a cytoplasmic plaque to indicate where it begins
zipper together with cadherins

39
Q

Where are desmosomes

A

Heart, uterus, skin

40
Q

Tight junctions

A

Firmly bind adjacent cells
seal off the path between cells
prevent undesirable leaks between layers
semipermeable

41
Q

where are tight junctions

A

in sheets of epithelium
blood, brain barrier (BBB)

42
Q

Gap junctions

A

small connecting tunnels
communicating junctions

43
Q

Where are gap junctions

A

anywhere that has a tract
cardiac + smooth muscles
thyroid, pancreas, liver, ovaries

44
Q

Membrane transport properties

A

-cell membrane is selectively permeable
-the relative solubility of molecules in lipids
-particle size

45
Q

Unassisted Membrane transport

A

-Osmosis
-Diffusion

46
Q

Assisted membrane transport

A

Carrier mediated
-facilitated diffusion
-active transport
-vesicular transport

47
Q

Osmosis

A

Net diffusion of H2O down a concentration gradient H-L (no energy)

48
Q

Isotonic

A

Solution with an osmolarity equal to that of normal body fluids

49
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solution with an osmolarity lower than normal body fluids

50
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solution with an osmolarity higher than normal body fluids

51
Q

Diffusion

A

molecules move down a concentration gradient H-L (no energy)

52
Q

What is diffusion used for

A

-exchange of O2 +CO2
-movement of substances through kidney tubules

53
Q

Ficks law of diffusion

A

-Concentration gradient
-permeability of membrane to substance
-surface area of membrane
-molecular weight of substance
-distance diffusion takes place

54
Q

Ficks law math

A

(Surface area x concentration gradient x membrane permeability) / membrane thickness

55
Q

Assisted membrane transport

A

Transport of substances using membrane transport/carrier proteins

56
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

follows ficks law of diffusion
- molecules are too big and need a carrier molecule (no energy)
-GLUT transport
-passive membrane transport

57
Q

Active Transport

A

substances move against concentration gradient
-require carrier molecule
-need energy (ATP)
- created disequilibrium

58
Q

Primary active transport

A

-directly uses energy (breaks it up)
-Requires ATP
-eg. Na/K pump

59
Q

Secondary active transport

A

-uses the broken ATP (Primary active transport)

60
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

-material is moved in/out of cell wrapped in membrane
-Endo/exocytosis

61
Q

Endocytosis

A

-Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
-Receptor-mediated endocytosis (how cells bring in vitamins)
-Phagocytosis (immune response, does not release)

62
Q

Exocytosis

A

-mechanism for secreting large polar molecules
process of labelling (process of secretory vesicles)

63
Q

Process of labelling/secretory vesicles

A

-place recognition markers
-place sorting signals
-puts a coat around sorted packages
-puts v/t SNARE

64
Q

Chemical Messengers

A

Carry information from one cell to the next

65
Q

Autocrine

A

Self-exciting signal
eg. histamine (mast cell)

66
Q

Paracrine

A

closes, then signals to the next cell

67
Q

What are the neurocrines

A

Neuromodules
neurohormones
hormones
-lipophilic hormones
-hydrophilic hormones

68
Q

Neuromodules

A

reaches the brain/staticity center
-last for a long time

69
Q

Neurohormones

A

secreted by nerves

70
Q

Hormones

A

never secreted in large quantities, cell must have a receptor for the hormones
-Lipophilic hormones (soluable in lipids/fats)
-Hydrophilic hormones (soluble in H2O)

71
Q

Cytokine

A

tissue formation/embryonic development or inflammatory response
-fever production (circulates through blood to the whole body, Interleucryne ILC/posted through leukocytes)
-immune response
-RBC formation by erythropoietin

HLSC 126 (1 decks)

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