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Renal Physiology > Ch.2 Anatomy & Glomerulus > Flashcards

Ch.2 Anatomy & Glomerulus Flashcards

1
Q

Which layer–medulla or cortex–is the vast majority of renal tissue?

A

The outer CORTEX

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2
Q

Where does the base of the Renal Pyramid originate? Where does the apex terminate?

A

base originates at the corticomedullary border….apex terminates at a papilla

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3
Q

Who is unipapillate? Who is multi papillate?

A

Humans=multi…rats/mice=uni

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4
Q

how many nephrons in a kidney?

A

1 million!!

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5
Q

How many cell layers make up the nephron?

A

One cell layer thick

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6
Q

Which tubules have the Brush Border on their luminal surface?

A

The PROXIMAL tubules have the brush border (the Distal do not)

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7
Q

What are the two principal populations of nephrons?

A

Coritcal and Juxta-medullary

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8
Q

Which nephrons are short looped and which are long looped?

A

Coritcal nephrons=short looped….Juxta-medullary=long looped

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9
Q

Which nephrons do not have a ‘thin’ ascending limb?

A

Cortial nephrons

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10
Q

Which nephron type composes the majority of the renal tissue? What % of nephrons are they?

A

Cortical Nephrons and they are 80% of the nephrons

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11
Q

What does the ratio of cortical:juxtamedullary nephrons tell us?

A

Ability to concentrate urine…more Jexta=more concentrated (rats have much more junta then us)

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12
Q

What is the subset of peritubular capillaries derived from EFFERENT Arterioles of JUXTAmedullary nephrons?

A

Vasa Recta ( ‘straight vessels’ in latin)

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13
Q

“________” orientation of the vasa recta parallel loops of Henle; play a critical role in maintaining the ________ of the renal medulla

A

“Hairpin-loop”…hypertonicity

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14
Q

What % of cardiac output do the kidneys receive? (in L?)

A

25% (1.2-1.5L/min)

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15
Q

Is oxygen consumption low or high? What does the A-V difference indicate?

A

VERY HIGH (almost as much as the heart)…A-V difference indicates that not much O2 is used, but it receives the most blood flow of any organ (4x)!

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16
Q

What is the 1st phase of the relationship between renal blood flow, renal O2 consumption, and Renal A-V O2 difference?

A

Decrease Renal Blood Flow=Decrease in renal O2 consumption=no change in A-V O2 difference.

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17
Q

What is the 2nd phase of the relationship between renal blood flow, renal O2 consumption, and Renal A-V O2 difference?

A

Flow from 150-75 ml/100g kidney= A-V O2 difference increases to maintain O2 comsumption

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18
Q

What is the 3rd phase of the relationship between renal blood flow, renal O2 consumption, and Renal A-V O2 difference?

A

Flow BELOW 75ml/100g kidney=A-V difference is at its MAX=Renal Ischemia

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19
Q

What happens to O2 consumption if we INCREASE RenalBloodFlow?

A

O2 consumption increases…need more O2 for the added work!

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20
Q

How much of the plasma entering the glomerular capillaries is filtered?

A

20%

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21
Q

What are the 3 principal components of renal function?

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration 2.Tubular Reabsorption 3.Tubular Secretion
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22
Q

Which of the 3 principal components of renal function is the principal mechanism for modifying the composition of the filtered fluid?

A

Tubular Reabsorption

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23
Q

Which of the 3 principal components of renal function is mostly restricted to solutes that are poorly filtered due to size/charge/or attached to a binding protein?

A

Tubular Secretion

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24
Q

Presence of proteins, glucose, amino acids etc. in the urine suggestive of ________.

A

impaired renal function

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25
Q

Urine ______ must be known to draw conclusions about excretory capacity.

A

flow rate (remember our example in class??)

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26
Q

Which muscle contracts as a result of the micturation process? What autonomic system is this?

A

detrusor muscle..parasympathectic activity

27
Q

Which micturition abnormality is associated with spinal cord damage above the sacral region - loss of higher center control (particularly suppression) of the micturition reflex – periodic unintended bladder emptying?

A

‘Automatic Bladder’

28
Q

Which micturition abnormality is associated with the loss of sensory nerve fibers – no micturition reflex therefore bladder overflows a few drops at a time – overflow incontinence?

A

A-tonic bladder

29
Q

What are the 3 layers of the filtration barrier of the glomerulus?

A

1.endothelium(fenestrated) 2.basement membrane (collagen, etc.) 3.epithelium (podocytes)

30
Q

What are the three components in the filtration slit in between podocyte foot processes?

A

Connectors, Linkers, and actin-cytoskeleton complex

31
Q

Which cells provide structural support for capillaries, secrete extracellular matrix, possess phagocytic activity, secrete prostaglandins and cytokines, and possess contractile activity?

A

Mes-Angial Cells

32
Q

If a molecule is above the 5000 Dalton threshold, what are the two deciding factors for filtration?

A

CHARGE and SIZE

33
Q

What is the net charge of the filtration pathway? What is this governed by?

A

Negative…glycoproteins

34
Q

What is the condition in which charge selectivity is LOST?

A

NeproToxic Serum Nephritis (NSN)

35
Q

What are the 4 consequences of Proteinuria?

A
  1. Arteriole/venous thrombosis (loss of coagulants) 2.Infection( loss of Ig’s) 3.Hyperlipidemia (unknown origin) 4.Edema (decreased plasma oncotic pressure)
36
Q

What are the forces involved in fluid exchange between plasma and intersitium?

A

STARLING Forces

37
Q

What are the two Starling forces promoting movement out of the capillary?

A

Intracapillary HyrdoStatic Pressure and Intersitital Oncotic pressure

38
Q

What are the two Starling forces promoting movement into the capillary?

A

Plasma oncotic pressure and tissue hydrostatic pressure

39
Q

Which Starling force do we see ALL the change from the arteriole end to the veinous end thus promoting NET filtration?

A

BIG drop in Hydrostatic Pressure from Art to Vein ends. 40-> 15 (lymph gets the difference)

40
Q

What are the three Starling Force factors that can lead to Edema?

A

1.Increase in Capillary Hydrostatic pressure c/o a vein blockage 2.Increase in Capillary Hydrostatic pressure due to inflammation 3.Increase in interstitial oncotic pressure lymph obstruction

41
Q

Generalized edema involves ____ retention and expansion of the entire extracellular fluid volume… Commonly seen in cardiac, hepatic and renal failure.

A

Na+

42
Q

What are the two areas causing resistance for blood pressure in the from the renal artery to the renal vein?

A

the afferent and efferent tubules

43
Q

Why does hydrostatic pressure remain constant along the glomerular capillary?

A

Due to Resistant points BEFORE AND AFTER the glomerular capillaries

44
Q

_____ progressively increases along the capillary

because as fluid is filtered out the concentration of non-filterable proteins increases

A

Glomerular Capillary Oncotic Pressure (protein aint filtered!)

45
Q

What is the point where GC oncotic pressure and GC hydrostatic pressure equal?

A

NFP-Net Filtration Pressure

46
Q 
NFP similar in glomerular and systemic capillaries (10-20 mmHg), BUT the volume of fluid filtered across glomerular capillaries (180 L/day) is much greater than across
systemic capillaries (approx 4L/day) because:
A

OF THE GLOMERULAR CAPILLARY ULTRAFILTRATION COEFFICIENT (much higher than in systemic capillaries) (c/o higher surface area and higher capillary amount) (more fluid=more filter)

47
Q

What are the 2 determinants for the Glomerular Capillary Ultrafiltration Coefficient?

A

1.Hydrolic Water Permeability (capillaries are 100x leakier then systemic capillaries!) 2.Surface Area ( 2x more then skeletal muscle!)

48
Q

Increase in Kf = ____ in GC oncotic P = NFP at an _____ point along the capillary

A

Increase in Kf=Increase in GC oncotic P = NFP at an earlier point along the capillary

49
Q

What does decreased resistance in the Afferent Arteriole do to Glomerular Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure, GFR, and RPF?

A

P=increase…GFR=increase…RPF=increase

50
Q

What does Increased resistance in the Afferent Arteriole do to Glomerular Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure, GFR, and RPF?

A

P=decrease…GFR=decrease…RPF=decrease

51
Q

What does decreased resistance in the Efferent Arteriole do to Glomerular Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure, GFR, and RPF?

A

P=decrease…GFR=decrease….RPF=increase

52
Q

What does Increased resistance in the Efferent Arteriole do to Glomerular Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure, GFR, and RPF?

A

P=increase…GFR=increase…RPF=decrease

53
Q

GFR physiologically regulated primarily by changing resistance (diameter) of the _______ arteriole. What 2 ways does this happen?

A

Afferent…1.Sympathetic NS (vasoconstrictor) 2.Angiotensin II (MAJOR vasoconstrictor both afferent and efferent)

54
Q

What are the major renal vasoDILATORS!!??

A

Prostaglandins (boost GFR!)

55
Q

What happens to Renal vasoconstriction if BP decreases? What is fighting this process?

A

renal vasoconstriction increases….(increase in sym ns and angiotensin II)…both Sym and A-II increase prostaglandin syn=vasoDilation!

56
Q

What would be the end result of a pt taking NSAIDs and then being stabbed?

A

Pre-Renal Acute Renal Failure…decrease in BP=increase in Sympathetic NS=Increase in Angiotensin II=increased vasoconstriction…WITHOUT opposition of prostaglandins(c/o NSAIDs!)

57
Q

What are the three main alterations in GFR caused by?

A

1.Changes in Ultrafiltration Coefficent (Glomerular Disease, Mesangial Cell contracility) 2.Changes in capillary oncotic pressure (liver diease) 3.Changes in intratubular pressure (ureteral obstruction)

58
Q

What is the protective mechanism that helps decrease GFR when there is a buildup of intratubular pressure (blockage)?

A

Ureter-o-renal reflex (ureter stretches and triggers the Sym NS to constrict the renal arterioles)

59
Q

Why does BP not affect GFR?

A

AUTOREGULATION!

60
Q

Autoregualtion: ______ ability of the kidney to maintain GFR (and renal plasma flow; RPF) constant over a wide range of blood pressure (~ ___ mmHg and above)…WHAT IS THE CONTROL SITE?

A

INTRINSIC…70 mmHg…afferent arteriole

61
Q

What are the 2 proposed mechanisms for auto regulation? Which one does more work?

A

1.Myogenic 2.Tubulo-Glomerular Feedback Theory….TG does more work

62
Q

TUBULOGLOMERULAR FEEDBACK THEORY: A change in flow rate/composition of tubular fluid sensed at the _______ causes a compensatory change in GFR.

A

MACULA DENSA (‘dense spot’ in latin)

63
Q

What are the 3 set backs to auto regulation?

A

1.GFR and RPF only change slightly 2. Does not occur below 70mmHg BP 3.Can be overridden (stabbing/hemorrhage)

Renal Physiology (5 decks)

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