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Sterile Processing Tech > CH.2 Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

CH.2 Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy ?

A

a branch of service that deals with structure of body parts

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2
Q

Define Physiolgoy ?

A

Functions of body parts

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3
Q

How many levels of organization are in the Human Body ? And name each one

A

Four. Cellular, Tissue, Organ, and System.

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4
Q

Define the cellular level of the Human body ?

A

its the smallest, its processes and exhibit basic characteristics of life

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5
Q

Define the tissue level of the Human Body ?

A

group of many similar cells, that perform a certain function

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6
Q

Define organ level on the Human Body ?

A

its structure made, several kinds of tissues come together to perform a special function.

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7
Q

Define the system level of the Human Body ?

A

has various number of kinds of organs, performs complex functions in the body.

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8
Q

What does cells require for life ?

A

Water

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9
Q

Why does a cell require water to live ?

A

regulates body temperature, transport substances, provides an environment for processes to take place, metabolic processes.

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10
Q

What does the cellular level need ?

A

Food, Oxygen, Heat, Pressure.

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11
Q

What is homeostasis ?

A

A state of equilibrium in which the internal envirnoment of the body remains relatively constant

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12
Q

What functions make up the Cell’s structure ?

A

Cell wall, Cell membrane, Nuclear membrane, Nucleus , Cytoplasm, Cilia and Flagella

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13
Q

Where is the Cell Wall located and what is its purpose ?

A

its the outer surface of cell and it protects the cell from physical injury

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14
Q

What is the cell membrane and what is its purpose ?

A

Outer boundary of cell. It allows food, nutrients and waste into and out of cell

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15
Q

What is the Nucleus and what is its purpose ?

A

the Cells brain. the direct cells life and reproduction. Its located near center of cell

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16
Q

Explain the cytoplasm and it ‘s purpose ?

A

It’s a communication system for molecules from one call part to another. Food and molecules received, processed and used

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17
Q

What is a Cilia ?

A

a moving appendage extend outward. Use to and fro movements

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18
Q

What is a flagella ?

A

a moving appendage extend outward of the cell. Uses a wave like motion

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19
Q

Name all 11 Major Body Systems ?

A

Skeletal, Nervous, Circulatory, Digestive, Reproductive, Muscular, Endocrine, Lymphatic, Integumentary and Urinary.

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20
Q

Give a brief summary of the Skeletal System ?

A

It’s the framework of the body. It protects internal organs. Stores minerals for release when needed. Red and white blood cells grow and develop in bone marrow

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21
Q

Name the types of Bones in the Human Body ?

A

Flat, Long, Short and Irregular.

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22
Q

What are Bones made of ?

A

Specialized cells and protein fibers in gel like material of water, mineral of water, mineral salts and carbohydrates

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23
Q

What is the Axial Skeleton?

A

Is bony and cartilaginous parts that support and protect the head, neck and trunk

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24
Q

What makes up the Axial Skeleton in the Human body

A

Skull, Hyoid bone, Vertebral column and the Thoracic cage

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25
Q

What makes up the Appendicular Skeleton ?

A

Pectoral girdle, upper limb bones, Lower limb bones

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26
Q

What is the Pectoral Girdle ?

A

where the scapula and clavicle connects to the bones of the arm and aids movement

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27
Q

What bones make up the Upper limb bones ?

A

humerus, radius, ulna connect at elbow joint. Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges from wrist and hand

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28
Q

What bones make up the Lower limb bones ?

A

femur, tibia, fibula connect at knee joint.
patella covers the knee
tarsals, metacarpals and phalanges from ankle to foot

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29
Q

What are some characteristics of a Joint ?

A

Acts as levers. Some are rigid structures that hold bones in place

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30
Q

Name some diseases of the Skeletal System ?

A

Bone cancer, Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis

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31
Q

What are instruments used on the Skeleton System ?

A

Total hip and knee sets. Osteotomes. Screw sets.

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32
Q

What are the Organs of the Muscular system ?

A

Muscles

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33
Q

What system works with the muscular system and what’s the performance ?

A

works with the skeleton system. Generates energy to move.

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34
Q

What does the Skeletal muscle in consist of ?

A

voluntary is consciously controlled and striated is appearance of lines

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35
Q

Name all of the Muscle Tissue Types ?

A

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muslces

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36
Q

Describe a smooth muscle ?

A

a involuntary muscle, its slower to contract and relax.

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37
Q

Where would you commonly find smooth muscles ?

A

digestion tract, the arteries, respiratory passages, urinary and reproductive ducts

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38
Q

Describe a Cardiac muscle?

A

contracts automatically, its involuntary and rhythmical. Responsible for pumping blood through heart chambers and blood vessels

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39
Q

What are the Diseases you can have in the Muscular system ?

A

Muscular dystrophy, rotator cuff injuries, muscle spasms

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40
Q

The integumentary system consist of ?

A

Skin, hair, glands and nails

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41
Q

What is Skin ?

A

is the largest organ of the body made of several kinds of tissues structurally arranged to function together

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42
Q

Describe what the Integumentary system does ?

A

protects the body from the environment. Allows communication with the environment

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43
Q

What are the layers of the Integument ?

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

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44
Q

What is the performance of the Epidermis ?

A

Helps to keep disease out and fluids in

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45
Q

What is the performance of the Dermis ?

A

Contains the nerves and blood supply. Supports skin and provides skin tone. Contains many nerve endings and hair follicles

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46
Q

What is the performance of the Hypodermis ?

A

Stores lipids, insulates and cushions body. Helps to regulate body temperature.

47
Q

Name disease of the Integumentary system?

A

Skin cancers, inflammatory conditions.

48
Q

What is the performance of the Circulatory system ?

A

pumps blood throughout the entire body and removes waste products

49
Q

What are the three main functions of the circulatory system ?

A

Respiratory, Nutrition, Excretory

50
Q

How does the circulatory system use protection ?

A

against injury and intro of toxins into the body. Clotting of blood protects against blood loss. White blood cells provide immunity

51
Q

What are the diseases of the Circulatory System ?

A

Coronary artery disease

52
Q

How many chambers does the Heart have? and where are they located ?

A

four chamber. 2 on the left and 2 on the right.

53
Q

What is the atria ? and what is its performance ?

A

atria are upper chambers. Receives blood back from veins.

54
Q

what is the ventricles and what is there performance ?

A

are the lower chambers. And forces blood out of the heart into the arteries.

55
Q

What is the main function of the Respiratory system?

A

To supply oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide from the body

56
Q

What organs consists of the Upper respiratory system?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, sinuses and larynx

57
Q

What organs consists of the lower respiratory system?

A

trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

58
Q

Describe Breathing ?

A

Inhalation and expiration occurs. And exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs alveoli

59
Q

Why do oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between air in lungs alveoli and blood in lungs capillaries

A

Exchange by diffusion between alveolar air and blood blowing in pulmonary capillaries

60
Q

What are the diseases of the Respiratory System?

A

lung cancer, asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

61
Q

What are instruments used in the Respiratory System ?

A

Thoracentesis trays, Bronchoscopes and Tracheostomy sets

62
Q

What are all the functions of the GI Tract ?

A

Oral cavity, Pharynx, Stomach, Small and Large Intestine

63
Q

What are some functions of the Digestive system ?

A

Digestion and Adsorption

64
Q

What is the function of the Oral Cavity ?

A

To ingest food, mix with saliva and swallow.

65
Q

Describe the functions of the Large Intestine ?

A

It receives undigested waste, Absorbs water and electrolytes. Forms, stores and expels feces through the anus

65
Q

What is the function of the Pharynx?

A

it receives food and transports to esophagus. And transport food to stomach by peristalsis

66
Q

Describe the function of the Stomach ?

A

It receives food from the esophagus and mixes the gastric juices. It begins the digestion of proteins

67
Q

Describe the functions of the Small Intestine ?

A

The liver and pancreatic secretions break down chyme. Absorbs nutrients and transports waste to large intestine

68
Q

What are the 5 parts of the Large Intestine ?

A

Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon, Sigmoid colon, Rectum

69
Q

Name the accessory Digestive Organs ?

A

Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Liver and Pancreas

70
Q

What does the Salivary Glands produce ?

A

Salvia to cleanse teeth and dissolve food chemicals

71
Q

What does the Liver produce ?

A

produces ans secretes digestive enzyme bile

72
Q

Describe the function of the Pancreas ?

A

secretes pancreatic juice for digestion. Regulates blood sugar.

73
Q

What does the Tongue assist with ?

A

moving foos around and swallowing

74
Q

Name diseases of the Digestive System ?

A

Stomach, liver pancreatic and colon cancers. Cholecystitis and Hepatitis

75
Q

What are some instruments used for the Digestive System ?

A

Laparoscopes, Sigmoidoscope, Laparotomy set, Gastroscope, Colonoscope.

76
Q

Name all the Systems in the Nervous System ?

A

Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, Somatic System, Automatic System.

77
Q

What consist of the Central Nervous System ?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

78
Q

Describe the performance of the Peripheral Nervous System ?

A

Nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body.

79
Q

What is the function of the Somatic System ?

A

Peripheral nerves communicate with skin and skeletal muscles.

80
Q

What organs does the Automatic System communicate with ?

A

The nerves communicate with the visceral organs

81
Q

Meninges protects ?

A

The membrane between bone and soft tissues of the central nervous system

82
Q

What is nerves consist of ?

A

Bundles of peripheral nerve fibers held together by connective tissues

83
Q

What is the function of motor nerves ?

A

to carry messages from the brain to organs and msucles

84
Q

What is the function of Sensory nerves ?

A

to carry information to the brain

85
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Brain ?

A

Controls all movement, Monitors and maintains all body systems. It’s one the largest organs.

86
Q

Name the 3 parts of the Brain ?

A

Cerebrum, Cerebellum and the Brain stem

87
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Spinal Cord ?

A

Conducts the nerve impulses, its the center of spinal reflexes and it provides a 2 way communication between brain and the body.

88
Q

What are the major divisions of the Nervous System ?

A

Automatic (involuntary) nervous system. Voluntary nervous system

89
Q

Name the diseases of the Nervous System ?

A

Herniated spinal discs. Brain and spine tumors

90
Q

Name all the Sensory Organs ?

A

Smell, Taste, Eye, Ear

91
Q

Describe what Sensory Organs are ?

A

An extension of the nervous system that allow perception of environment.

92
Q

What are the instruments used for the Nervous System ?

A

Craniotomy sets, Cervical fusion disc sets, Laminectomy sets

93
Q

Describe the structure and function of the Sense of Smell?

A

In the Upper nasal cavity. Stimulated by chemicals dissolved in liquids

94
Q

Describe what the Sense of Taste is ?

A

Taste buds on surface of tongue, roof of mouth and walls of pharynx

95
Q

Describe a functions of the Eye ?

A

Eyes retract and focus incoming light waves onto photoreceptors in back of eye

96
Q

What is included in the Eyeball structure ?

A

Fibrous and vascular tunics retina, Sclera, Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Retina

97
Q

What is the Ear play’s role ?

A

in Equilibrium and balance

97
Q

What does the Ear consist of ?

A

Tympanic cavity and membrane, Malleus, incus and stapes

98
Q

What are some instruments used in Sensory Organs ?

A

Myringotomy set, Cataract set, Corneal transplant set

99
Q

What are some diseases of the Sensory system ?

A

Eye cataracts. Blockage of Eustachian tubes

100
Q

What is a function of the Endocrine System ?

A

to maintain stability of internal environment of the body.

101
Q

Name the glands of the Endocrine System ?

A

Pituitary, Pineal Thyroid, Parathyroids, Adrenal, Pancreas and Thymus

102
Q

Name the diseases of the Endorine System ?

A

Diabetes, Hypo/Hyper thyroidism

103
Q

What are the instruments used for the Endocrine System ?

A

Thyroidectomy set. Implantable insulin pumps

104
Q

Name the organs of the Urinary system ?

A

Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra

104
Q

Name some functions of the Urinary System ?

A

Regulates pH and volume of body fluids, Controls red blood cell production and blood pressure, Removes salts and nitrogenous waste products from the body.

104
Q

What are the diseases of the Urinary system ?

A

Kidney stones, bladder infection, prostate cancer

105
Q

Name the instruments used in the Urinary system ?

A

Cystoscopes, Ureteroscopes.

106
Q

Name the organs of the Male Reproductive System ?

A

Testes, Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, and Bulbourethral glands

107
Q

Name the organs of the Female Reproductive System ?

A

Vagina, Fallopian tubes, Uterus, Mammary glands

108
Q

What are Diseases of the Reproductive System ?

A

Cervical Cancer, Endometriosis, Prostate Cancer, Ovarian cysts

109
Q

What instruments used in the Reproductive System ?

A

Laparoscopy sets, Vaginal delivery sets, Vasectomy set

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