CH.2 Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Define Anatomy ?
a branch of service that deals with structure of body parts
Define Physiolgoy ?
Functions of body parts
How many levels of organization are in the Human Body ? And name each one
Four. Cellular, Tissue, Organ, and System.
Define the cellular level of the Human body ?
its the smallest, its processes and exhibit basic characteristics of life
Define the tissue level of the Human Body ?
group of many similar cells, that perform a certain function
Define organ level on the Human Body ?
its structure made, several kinds of tissues come together to perform a special function.
Define the system level of the Human Body ?
has various number of kinds of organs, performs complex functions in the body.
What does cells require for life ?
Water
Why does a cell require water to live ?
regulates body temperature, transport substances, provides an environment for processes to take place, metabolic processes.
What does the cellular level need ?
Food, Oxygen, Heat, Pressure.
What is homeostasis ?
A state of equilibrium in which the internal envirnoment of the body remains relatively constant
What functions make up the Cell’s structure ?
Cell wall, Cell membrane, Nuclear membrane, Nucleus , Cytoplasm, Cilia and Flagella
Where is the Cell Wall located and what is its purpose ?
its the outer surface of cell and it protects the cell from physical injury
What is the cell membrane and what is its purpose ?
Outer boundary of cell. It allows food, nutrients and waste into and out of cell
What is the Nucleus and what is its purpose ?
the Cells brain. the direct cells life and reproduction. Its located near center of cell
Explain the cytoplasm and it ‘s purpose ?
It’s a communication system for molecules from one call part to another. Food and molecules received, processed and used
What is a Cilia ?
a moving appendage extend outward. Use to and fro movements
What is a flagella ?
a moving appendage extend outward of the cell. Uses a wave like motion
Name all 11 Major Body Systems ?
Skeletal, Nervous, Circulatory, Digestive, Reproductive, Muscular, Endocrine, Lymphatic, Integumentary and Urinary.
Give a brief summary of the Skeletal System ?
It’s the framework of the body. It protects internal organs. Stores minerals for release when needed. Red and white blood cells grow and develop in bone marrow
Name the types of Bones in the Human Body ?
Flat, Long, Short and Irregular.
What are Bones made of ?
Specialized cells and protein fibers in gel like material of water, mineral of water, mineral salts and carbohydrates
What is the Axial Skeleton?
Is bony and cartilaginous parts that support and protect the head, neck and trunk
What makes up the Axial Skeleton in the Human body
Skull, Hyoid bone, Vertebral column and the Thoracic cage
What makes up the Appendicular Skeleton ?
Pectoral girdle, upper limb bones, Lower limb bones
What is the Pectoral Girdle ?
where the scapula and clavicle connects to the bones of the arm and aids movement
What bones make up the Upper limb bones ?
humerus, radius, ulna connect at elbow joint. Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges from wrist and hand
What bones make up the Lower limb bones ?
femur, tibia, fibula connect at knee joint.
patella covers the knee
tarsals, metacarpals and phalanges from ankle to foot
What are some characteristics of a Joint ?
Acts as levers. Some are rigid structures that hold bones in place
Name some diseases of the Skeletal System ?
Bone cancer, Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis
What are instruments used on the Skeleton System ?
Total hip and knee sets. Osteotomes. Screw sets.
What are the Organs of the Muscular system ?
Muscles
What system works with the muscular system and what’s the performance ?
works with the skeleton system. Generates energy to move.
What does the Skeletal muscle in consist of ?
voluntary is consciously controlled and striated is appearance of lines
Name all of the Muscle Tissue Types ?
Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muslces
Describe a smooth muscle ?
a involuntary muscle, its slower to contract and relax.
Where would you commonly find smooth muscles ?
digestion tract, the arteries, respiratory passages, urinary and reproductive ducts
Describe a Cardiac muscle?
contracts automatically, its involuntary and rhythmical. Responsible for pumping blood through heart chambers and blood vessels
What are the Diseases you can have in the Muscular system ?
Muscular dystrophy, rotator cuff injuries, muscle spasms
The integumentary system consist of ?
Skin, hair, glands and nails
What is Skin ?
is the largest organ of the body made of several kinds of tissues structurally arranged to function together
Describe what the Integumentary system does ?
protects the body from the environment. Allows communication with the environment
What are the layers of the Integument ?
Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis
What is the performance of the Epidermis ?
Helps to keep disease out and fluids in
What is the performance of the Dermis ?
Contains the nerves and blood supply. Supports skin and provides skin tone. Contains many nerve endings and hair follicles
What is the performance of the Hypodermis ?
Stores lipids, insulates and cushions body. Helps to regulate body temperature.
Name disease of the Integumentary system?
Skin cancers, inflammatory conditions.
What is the performance of the Circulatory system ?
pumps blood throughout the entire body and removes waste products
What are the three main functions of the circulatory system ?
Respiratory, Nutrition, Excretory
How does the circulatory system use protection ?
against injury and intro of toxins into the body. Clotting of blood protects against blood loss. White blood cells provide immunity
What are the diseases of the Circulatory System ?
Coronary artery disease
How many chambers does the Heart have? and where are they located ?
four chamber. 2 on the left and 2 on the right.
What is the atria ? and what is its performance ?
atria are upper chambers. Receives blood back from veins.
what is the ventricles and what is there performance ?
are the lower chambers. And forces blood out of the heart into the arteries.
What is the main function of the Respiratory system?
To supply oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide from the body
What organs consists of the Upper respiratory system?
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, sinuses and larynx
What organs consists of the lower respiratory system?
trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
Describe Breathing ?
Inhalation and expiration occurs. And exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs alveoli
Why do oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between air in lungs alveoli and blood in lungs capillaries
Exchange by diffusion between alveolar air and blood blowing in pulmonary capillaries
What are the diseases of the Respiratory System?
lung cancer, asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
What are instruments used in the Respiratory System ?
Thoracentesis trays, Bronchoscopes and Tracheostomy sets
What are all the functions of the GI Tract ?
Oral cavity, Pharynx, Stomach, Small and Large Intestine
What are some functions of the Digestive system ?
Digestion and Adsorption
What is the function of the Oral Cavity ?
To ingest food, mix with saliva and swallow.
Describe the functions of the Large Intestine ?
It receives undigested waste, Absorbs water and electrolytes. Forms, stores and expels feces through the anus
What is the function of the Pharynx?
it receives food and transports to esophagus. And transport food to stomach by peristalsis
Describe the function of the Stomach ?
It receives food from the esophagus and mixes the gastric juices. It begins the digestion of proteins
Describe the functions of the Small Intestine ?
The liver and pancreatic secretions break down chyme. Absorbs nutrients and transports waste to large intestine
What are the 5 parts of the Large Intestine ?
Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon, Sigmoid colon, Rectum
Name the accessory Digestive Organs ?
Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Liver and Pancreas
What does the Salivary Glands produce ?
Salvia to cleanse teeth and dissolve food chemicals
What does the Liver produce ?
produces ans secretes digestive enzyme bile
Describe the function of the Pancreas ?
secretes pancreatic juice for digestion. Regulates blood sugar.
What does the Tongue assist with ?
moving foos around and swallowing
Name diseases of the Digestive System ?
Stomach, liver pancreatic and colon cancers. Cholecystitis and Hepatitis
What are some instruments used for the Digestive System ?
Laparoscopes, Sigmoidoscope, Laparotomy set, Gastroscope, Colonoscope.
Name all the Systems in the Nervous System ?
Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, Somatic System, Automatic System.
What consist of the Central Nervous System ?
Brain and Spinal Cord
Describe the performance of the Peripheral Nervous System ?
Nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body.
What is the function of the Somatic System ?
Peripheral nerves communicate with skin and skeletal muscles.
What organs does the Automatic System communicate with ?
The nerves communicate with the visceral organs
Meninges protects ?
The membrane between bone and soft tissues of the central nervous system
What is nerves consist of ?
Bundles of peripheral nerve fibers held together by connective tissues
What is the function of motor nerves ?
to carry messages from the brain to organs and msucles
What is the function of Sensory nerves ?
to carry information to the brain
Describe the characteristics of the Brain ?
Controls all movement, Monitors and maintains all body systems. It’s one the largest organs.
Name the 3 parts of the Brain ?
Cerebrum, Cerebellum and the Brain stem
Describe the characteristics of the Spinal Cord ?
Conducts the nerve impulses, its the center of spinal reflexes and it provides a 2 way communication between brain and the body.
What are the major divisions of the Nervous System ?
Automatic (involuntary) nervous system. Voluntary nervous system
Name the diseases of the Nervous System ?
Herniated spinal discs. Brain and spine tumors
Name all the Sensory Organs ?
Smell, Taste, Eye, Ear
Describe what Sensory Organs are ?
An extension of the nervous system that allow perception of environment.
What are the instruments used for the Nervous System ?
Craniotomy sets, Cervical fusion disc sets, Laminectomy sets
Describe the structure and function of the Sense of Smell?
In the Upper nasal cavity. Stimulated by chemicals dissolved in liquids
Describe what the Sense of Taste is ?
Taste buds on surface of tongue, roof of mouth and walls of pharynx
Describe a functions of the Eye ?
Eyes retract and focus incoming light waves onto photoreceptors in back of eye
What is included in the Eyeball structure ?
Fibrous and vascular tunics retina, Sclera, Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Retina
What is the Ear play’s role ?
in Equilibrium and balance
What does the Ear consist of ?
Tympanic cavity and membrane, Malleus, incus and stapes
What are some instruments used in Sensory Organs ?
Myringotomy set, Cataract set, Corneal transplant set
What are some diseases of the Sensory system ?
Eye cataracts. Blockage of Eustachian tubes
What is a function of the Endocrine System ?
to maintain stability of internal environment of the body.
Name the glands of the Endocrine System ?
Pituitary, Pineal Thyroid, Parathyroids, Adrenal, Pancreas and Thymus
Name the diseases of the Endorine System ?
Diabetes, Hypo/Hyper thyroidism
What are the instruments used for the Endocrine System ?
Thyroidectomy set. Implantable insulin pumps
Name the organs of the Urinary system ?
Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra
Name some functions of the Urinary System ?
Regulates pH and volume of body fluids, Controls red blood cell production and blood pressure, Removes salts and nitrogenous waste products from the body.
What are the diseases of the Urinary system ?
Kidney stones, bladder infection, prostate cancer
Name the instruments used in the Urinary system ?
Cystoscopes, Ureteroscopes.
Name the organs of the Male Reproductive System ?
Testes, Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, and Bulbourethral glands
Name the organs of the Female Reproductive System ?
Vagina, Fallopian tubes, Uterus, Mammary glands
What are Diseases of the Reproductive System ?
Cervical Cancer, Endometriosis, Prostate Cancer, Ovarian cysts
What instruments used in the Reproductive System ?
Laparoscopy sets, Vaginal delivery sets, Vasectomy set
