Ch.2 Flashcards
agenesis
failure of brain regions to develop allows us to study brain organization and function
what is the brains primary function
-produce movement
-receive info about world
-integrate info to construct subjective experience of reality (perception)
-produce commands to control the movement of muscles
into central nervous system/body =
afferent (I come in after the sun falls) (sensory)
out of central nervous system/body
efferent (motor)
brain-body orientation
frame of reference is the human face
spatial orientation
frame of reference is other body parts and body orientation
anatomical orientation
frame of reference is direction of cut through human brain from viewer perspective
anterior
ants crawl on the front of your face
dorsal
I have a dorsal fin on the top of my brain
posterior
a post hits you in the back of your head
ventral
air goes out of the vent downwards (structures towards the bottom of the brain)
medial
structures located towards the middle of the brain
lateral
parts of brain towards the side of the brain (L+R)
coronal section
cut off front anterior parts of brain (frontal lobe/cortex)
horizontal section
cut off the dorsal part of the brain/ cut the brain horizontally
sagittal section
cut the brain in half vertically (cut along the midline of the brain from top to bottom)
what is the brain’s surface features/protection
triple layer covering, meninges (which encases brain and spinal chord) and the cerebrospinal fluid cushions them
what are the parts of the meninges
-dura matter (hard layer)
-arachnoid membrane
- pia matter
where is the cerebrospinal fluid located in the brain
the subarachnoid space
what are the four lobes that the cortex is divided into
-frontal: executive function
-parietal: sensory integration
-temporal: auditory, taste, smell, memory
-occipital: visual
what are the bumps in brain called
gyri
what are the cracks called
sulci
what are the surface features of the brain
cerebrum, cerebellum, gyrus, sulcus, fissure, brainstem
what are the internal features of the brain
gray matter, white matter, corpus callosum
what is the second leading cause of death
stroke
Where does the brainstem begin, what does it do, and what are the different regions
where the spinal cord enters the skull, receives afferent from senses and sends efferent for movements, regions: hind and midbrain, diencephalon
what are the major categories of stroke
ischemic and hemorrhagic
what does the hindbrain contain
cerebellum, reticular formation, pons, medulla
what does the the hindbrian control
various motor functions ranging from breathing to balance to fine movements
what does the reticular formation (reticular activating system)
regulates sleep/wake behavior
pons
connects cerrebellum, to brain + regulates some movements
medulla
controls all vital movements (breathing)
what do the midbrain structures do
produce orienting movements, species specific behaviors and pain perception
diencephalon
the between brain, integrates sensory and motor info as it goes to cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
(diencephalon structure) has many nuclei associated w/ temp regulation, eating, drinking, sexual behavior
thalamus
(diencephalon structure) where info from all sensory systems is organized, integrated and projected into correct region of neocortex
Forebrain
where major external+internal forebrain structures integrate sensation, motivation, emotion and memory to enable advanced cognitive functions: thinking, planning, using language
what are the structures within the forebrain
-neocortex (cerebral cortex)
-basal ganglia
-limbic system
-neocortex (new bark)
-allocortex
what does the cerebral cortex contain?
concentric rings of allocortex (3-4 layered cortex) and a 6 layered cortex (neocortex)
cerebral cortex
takes up most volume of forebrain, most expanded by evolution, involves folding of neocortex (sulci and gyri)
what are the four distinct areas that make up the allocortex and what do they do?
-amygdala: anxiety and fear
-cingulate cortex: processes and forms emotions, learning, memory, links behavior to motivation
-limbic system: ???
-olfactory system: olfactory bulbs and receptors, pyriform cortex (front brain) vomeronasal organ (VNO)
what are the characteristics of the neocortical layers?
-dif layers have dif cell types
-cell density varies among layers
-appearance dif relate to function+region
-is a cytoarchitectonic map (neocortex map based on cell organization, structure and form)
what behaviors are influenced from the neocortical layers
craving, lust, interpretation of abstract objects, words, images. (also creates reality)
neocortical layer IV
thick in sensory cortex, thin in motor cortex bc abundant afferent sensory info from thalamus connects to layer IV
neocortical Layers V and VI
think in motor and think in sensory neocortex. efferent motor info in V makes up corticospinal track, which connects motor neocortex to spinal chord to generate movement. Layer VI connects to other cortical areas
what are the cortical lobes and what is damaged with injury to the cortical lobes?
nearly symmetrical L and R hemispheres that are separated by longitudinal fissure and central sulcus.
injured=frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
what is the location of the basil ganglia?
collection of nuclei below white matter of neocortex
what does the basil ganglia control
voluntary and involuntary movement
what are the principal structures of the basil ganglia?
caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
what are the related disorders w/ the basil ganglia?
Parkinson disease and Tourette syndrome
what is the somatic nervous system (SNS) monitored and controlled by?
by the central nervous system (CNS): cranial nerves by the brain, spinal nerves by the spinal chord segments
what do the 12 nerve pairs control?
sensory and motor functions of the head, neck, and intestines. can have afferent, efferent or both functions
what is the spinal chord inside?
a bony spinal column made of vertebrae
what are the 5 categories of vertebrae called
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
nerve systems in the Somatic nervous system are________?
bilateral like the central nervous system
what does the autonomic nervous system regulate within its internal functions?
-sympathetic system: increases heart rate and blood pressure (arouses body for action)
-parasympathetic: rest and digest (reverses fight or flight response)
what does the Enteric nervous system (ENS) control
the gut and neurons lining the gastrointestinal tract, controls bowel motility, secretion, blood flow which allows nutrient absorption
what is the ENS formed by
a network of neurons embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract–> congregations of these form ganglia
What does the ENS interact with, explain it.
microbiome: influence nutrient absorption, source of neurochemicals that regulate processes within body
what are the 10 principles of nervous system function?
1) nervous system produces movement within the perception our brain forms
2)neuroplasticity is hallmark of nervous system functioning
3) many brain circuits cross
4) the CNS functions on multiple levels
5) brain is both symmetrical and asymmetrical
6) brain systems are organized hierarchically and in parallel
7) sensory and motor divisions permeate the nervous system
8) brain divides sensory input for object recognition and motor control
9) brain functions are localized and distributed
10) nervous system works by juxtaposing excitation and inhibition
