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DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY > ch2 > Flashcards

ch2 Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

What is Discontinuous Development?

A

Views development as abrupt or uneven.

It is characterized by qualitative change and stage theories.

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2
Q

Define Qualitative Change.

A

Marked by the emergence of new phenomena that cannot be easily predicted based on past functioning.

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3
Q

What are Stage Theories?

A

Development is seen as occurring in a series of distinct stages that cannot be skipped.

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4
Q

What is Active Development?

A

People create experiences for themselves and are motivated to learn about the world around them.

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5
Q

Who is considered the father of developmental psychology?

A

Jean Jacques Rousseau.

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6
Q

What is the tabula rasa concept proposed by John Locke?

A

The idea that all children are born equal, like a blank slate.

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7
Q

What is the Mechanistic Model?

A

People are viewed as machines that react to their environment.

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8
Q

What is the focus of Behavioral Perspectives?

A

Observable behaviors and environmental determinants.

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9
Q

What is the Ethological Perspective on development?

A

Development is a process of adaptation with behaviors common to all children from different cultures.

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10
Q

Describe the Ecological Perspective.

A

Development is influenced by environmental systems in which a child actively participates.

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11
Q

What is the Psychoanalytic Perspective?

A

Behavior stems from unconscious processes and early family experiences.

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12
Q

What is Continuous Development?

A

Views development as gradual and incremental, involving quantitative change.

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13
Q

Who proposed the Psychosexual Theory?

A

Sigmund Freud.

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14
Q

What is fixation in Freud’s theory?

A

An arrest in development caused by over/under gratification.

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15
Q

What are the stages of Freud’s Psychosexual Development?

A
  • Oral Stage (0-2) * Anal Stage (2-3) * Phallic Stage (3-6) * Latency Stage (6-12) * Genital Stage (12 onwards)
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16
Q

What is the Id in Freud’s theory?

A

Source of primitive drives governed by the Pleasure Principle.

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17
Q

What is the role of the Ego?

A

Intermediary between Id and Superego, governed by the Reality Principle.

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18
Q

What does the Superego represent?

A

Ethical component of personality; involves the rewarding and punishing function.

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19
Q

What is the Oedipus Complex?

A

A child’s feelings of desire for their opposite-sex parent and jealousy toward their same-sex parent.

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20
Q

What are the stages in Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?

A
  • Trust vs. Mistrust (0-2) * Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3) * Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6) * Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12) * Identity vs. Identity Confusion (12-18) * Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-40) * Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-60) * Ego Integrity vs. Despair (60+)
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21
Q

What is the primary focus of the Learning Perspective?

A

Describes development as conscious and a result of learning due to environmental influences.

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22
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

Learning results from the use of reinforcements to modify the occurrence of behavior.

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23
Q

What is the difference between Fixed and Variable schedules of reinforcement?

A
  • Fixed: Reward after a fixed number of responses or fixed length of time. * Variable: Reward after a varying number of responses or at varied lengths of time.
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24
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A

Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does.

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25
What is the process of Higher-Order Conditioning?
A neutral stimulus becomes linked to a conditioned stimulus, allowing it to trigger a conditioned response.
26
What is Social Cognitive Theory?
Learning based on the interplay between personal factors, behavior, and environmental influences.
27
What is the Mediational Process of Observational Learning?
* Attention * Retention * Motor Reproduction * Incentives
28
What does the term 'Equilibration' refer to in learning?
The balance between assimilation and accommodation in cognitive development.
29
What is the Retentional aspect of observational learning?
Observer must then retain some of the information gathered through observation.
30
What is the importance of rehearsal in observational learning?
Rehearsal may be important.
31
What is Motor Reproduction in the context of observational learning?
Observer must know cognitively and roughly what are to be done to reproduce the behavior and translate them into a coordinated pattern of muscle movements.
32
What is the role of incentives in observational learning?
Observer must then have an expectation that the performance of the new behavior will result in some type of reinforcement.
33
What does the Cognitive Development Theory propose?
Children’s intelligence undergoes changes as they grow.
34
Who proposed the Cognitive Development Theory?
Jean Piaget.
35
What is a Schema in cognitive development?
Knowledge structure that allows organisms to interpret and understand the world around them.
36
What is the Sensorimotor Stage?
Stage of rapid growth characterized by the coordination of sensory input and motor activity.
37
What is Object Permanence?
Stage Attainment in the Sensorimotor Stage.
38
What characterizes the Preoperational Stage?
Child develops a representational system and uses symbols to represent people, places, and events.
39
What is the Theory of Mind?
Stage Attainment in the Preoperational Stage.
40
What is Egocentrism?
Inability to see a situation from another perspective.
41
What is the Concrete Operational Stage?
Child begins to logically solve problems about concrete events.
42
What is Conservation in cognitive development?
Principle that irrelevant changes in the external appearance of objects have no effect on the object’s quantity.
43
What is the highest stage of cognitive development according to Piaget?
Formal Operational Stage.
44
What does the Ecological Theory propose?
We are surrounded by environmental systems that influence our development.
45
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
Gap between what children are able to do and what they are not ready to accomplish.
46
What is Scaffolding in the context of Vygotsky’s theory?
Assistance from an advanced individual.
47
What are the levels of Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory?
Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem.
48
What is the Microsystem?
Immediate environment (e.g., family, peers, school).
49
What is the Exosystem?
Social settings that cannot be experienced directly but still influence the individual (e.g., parent’s workplace).
50
What is Imprinting?
Process in which infant animals form an attachment to the first moving object they see.
51
Who proposed Attachment Theory?
John Bowlby.
52
What is the Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis?
Continual disruption of the attachment could result in long-term cognitive, social, and emotional difficulties for the infant.
53
What are the four attachment styles identified?
* Secure Attachment * Avoidant (Dismissive) Attachment * Ambivalent (Anxious/Preoccupied) Attachment * Disorganized (Fearful-Avoidant) Attachment.
54
What characterizes the Secure Attachment style?
Child uses caregiver as a secure base to explore surroundings and seek comfort when frightened.
55
What is the Protest Stage of Separation Anxiety?
Child cries and resists soothing when the caregiver is first out of sight.
56
What is the Despair Stage in the context of separation anxiety?
Child becomes quiet, sad, passive, listless, and apathetic as separation continues.
57
What is the focus of Piaget’s Stages of Moral Development?
How children's moral reasoning evolves as they grow.
58
What is the Heteronomous Stage in Piaget's theory?
Justice and rules are perceived as non-negotiable and imposed by authority.
59
What is Kohlberg’s focus in his Moral Development Theory?
How children develop morality and moral reasoning.
60
What is the first stage of Kohlberg’s Preconventional Morality?
Obedience and Punishment.
61
What characterizes Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development?
Emphasis on the development of Care and Empathy.
62
What is the focus of Level I in Gilligan's stages of moral development?
Preconventional Morality – The self and the need to survive.
63
What is the main idea behind Moral Dilemma?
Situation in which a person faces a choice between two or more actions, each of which has moral implications.
64
What is the significance of the Black & White Phenomenon?
Thought pattern that makes people think in absolutes; aka dichotomous thinking.
65
What is Level I of Gilligan's Stages of Moral Development?
Preconventional Morality – The self and the need to survive ## Footnote Focused on self-interest and survival needs, characterized as selfish when realizing responsibility to others.
66
What characterizes Level II of Gilligan's Stages of Moral Development?
Conventional Morality – Caring for others ## Footnote Concern for others overrides self-concern, leading to a morality focused on self-sacrifice.
67
What is the focus of Level III in Gilligan's Stages of Moral Development?
Post Conventional Morality – Principle of Nonviolence ## Footnote Balances the needs of self and others, leading to a universal ethic of care.
68
What are the three components of Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love?
* Intimacy * Passion * Decision/Commitment ## Footnote These components combine in different ways to create eight types of love.
69
Define intimacy in the context of Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love.
Emotional connection characterized by feelings of closeness and understanding ## Footnote Typically stable over time and derived from emotional investment.
70
What does passion refer to in Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love?
Desire and physical attraction ## Footnote Drives romance and sexual consummation, more prominent in short-term relationships.
71
What does decision/commitment represent in Sternberg’s theory?
Desire to maintain a long-term relationship ## Footnote Involves cognitive acknowledgment of love and commitment.
72
What type of love is characterized by intimacy only?
Liking ## Footnote Represents friendship without romantic elements.
73
What is infatuation in the context of Sternberg’s love types?
Passion only ## Footnote Often described as love at first sight, involving high arousal.
74
What is empty love?
Commitment only ## Footnote Found in long-term relationships where feelings have diminished.
75
What defines romantic love according to Sternberg?
Intimacy + Passion ## Footnote Often occurs at the beginning of long-term relationships.
76
What are the primary love styles in Lee’s Wheel Model of Love?
* Eros * Storge * Ludos ## Footnote Eros is passionate love, Storge is friendly love, and Ludos is playful love.
77
What does the secondary love style 'mania' represent?
Obsessive love ## Footnote Characterized by intense emotional highs and lows.
78
What is the focus of a case study in research methods?
In-depth examination of a single individual, group, or situation ## Footnote Provides detailed insights but has limited generalizability.
79
What is the main goal of an experiment in research?
To establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables ## Footnote Involves manipulation of independent variables to observe effects on dependent variables.
80
What is a correlational study designed to find?
Positive or negative relationships between variables ## Footnote Enables predictions but cannot establish cause and effect.
81
What does ethical research require approval from?
Institutional Review Boards (IRB) ## Footnote Ensures research is conducted ethically with a balance of benefits and risks.
82
What are the challenges of recruiting participants for developmental research?
Difficult to recruit infants, young children, and vulnerable populations ## Footnote This can lead to higher attrition rates in longitudinal studies.
83
What is a cross-sectional study?
Data collected from different ages at a single point in time ## Footnote Used to assess age-related differences but may be subject to cohort effects.
84
What is a longitudinal study focused on?
Repeated observations of the same group over time ## Footnote Examines individual changes with age but can suffer from attrition.
85
What does the sequential research design combine?
Cross-sectional and longitudinal designs ## Footnote Tracks people of different ages over time but is time-consuming.

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (3 decks)

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