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DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY > ch2 > Flashcards

ch2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Discontinuous Development?

A

Views development as abrupt or uneven.

It is characterized by qualitative change and stage theories.

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2
Q

Define Qualitative Change.

A

Marked by the emergence of new phenomena that cannot be easily predicted based on past functioning.

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3
Q

What are Stage Theories?

A

Development is seen as occurring in a series of distinct stages that cannot be skipped.

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4
Q

What is Active Development?

A

People create experiences for themselves and are motivated to learn about the world around them.

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5
Q

Who is considered the father of developmental psychology?

A

Jean Jacques Rousseau.

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6
Q

What is the tabula rasa concept proposed by John Locke?

A

The idea that all children are born equal, like a blank slate.

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7
Q

What is the Mechanistic Model?

A

People are viewed as machines that react to their environment.

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8
Q

What is the focus of Behavioral Perspectives?

A

Observable behaviors and environmental determinants.

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9
Q

What is the Ethological Perspective on development?

A

Development is a process of adaptation with behaviors common to all children from different cultures.

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10
Q

Describe the Ecological Perspective.

A

Development is influenced by environmental systems in which a child actively participates.

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11
Q

What is the Psychoanalytic Perspective?

A

Behavior stems from unconscious processes and early family experiences.

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12
Q

What is Continuous Development?

A

Views development as gradual and incremental, involving quantitative change.

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13
Q

Who proposed the Psychosexual Theory?

A

Sigmund Freud.

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14
Q

What is fixation in Freud’s theory?

A

An arrest in development caused by over/under gratification.

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15
Q

What are the stages of Freud’s Psychosexual Development?

A
  • Oral Stage (0-2) * Anal Stage (2-3) * Phallic Stage (3-6) * Latency Stage (6-12) * Genital Stage (12 onwards)
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16
Q

What is the Id in Freud’s theory?

A

Source of primitive drives governed by the Pleasure Principle.

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17
Q

What is the role of the Ego?

A

Intermediary between Id and Superego, governed by the Reality Principle.

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18
Q

What does the Superego represent?

A

Ethical component of personality; involves the rewarding and punishing function.

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19
Q

What is the Oedipus Complex?

A

A child’s feelings of desire for their opposite-sex parent and jealousy toward their same-sex parent.

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20
Q

What are the stages in Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?

A
  • Trust vs. Mistrust (0-2) * Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3) * Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6) * Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12) * Identity vs. Identity Confusion (12-18) * Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-40) * Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-60) * Ego Integrity vs. Despair (60+)
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21
Q

What is the primary focus of the Learning Perspective?

A

Describes development as conscious and a result of learning due to environmental influences.

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22
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

Learning results from the use of reinforcements to modify the occurrence of behavior.

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23
Q

What is the difference between Fixed and Variable schedules of reinforcement?

A
  • Fixed: Reward after a fixed number of responses or fixed length of time. * Variable: Reward after a varying number of responses or at varied lengths of time.
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24
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A

Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does.

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25
Q

What is the process of Higher-Order Conditioning?

A

A neutral stimulus becomes linked to a conditioned stimulus, allowing it to trigger a conditioned response.

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26
Q

What is Social Cognitive Theory?

A

Learning based on the interplay between personal factors, behavior, and environmental influences.

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27
Q

What is the Mediational Process of Observational Learning?

A
  • Attention * Retention * Motor Reproduction * Incentives
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28
Q

What does the term ‘Equilibration’ refer to in learning?

A

The balance between assimilation and accommodation in cognitive development.

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29
Q

What is the Retentional aspect of observational learning?

A

Observer must then retain some of the information gathered through observation.

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30
Q

What is the importance of rehearsal in observational learning?

A

Rehearsal may be important.

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31
Q

What is Motor Reproduction in the context of observational learning?

A

Observer must know cognitively and roughly what are to be done to reproduce the behavior and translate them into a coordinated pattern of muscle movements.

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32
Q

What is the role of incentives in observational learning?

A

Observer must then have an expectation that the performance of the new behavior will result in some type of reinforcement.

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33
Q

What does the Cognitive Development Theory propose?

A

Children’s intelligence undergoes changes as they grow.

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34
Q

Who proposed the Cognitive Development Theory?

A

Jean Piaget.

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35
Q

What is a Schema in cognitive development?

A

Knowledge structure that allows organisms to interpret and understand the world around them.

36
Q

What is the Sensorimotor Stage?

A

Stage of rapid growth characterized by the coordination of sensory input and motor activity.

37
Q

What is Object Permanence?

A

Stage Attainment in the Sensorimotor Stage.

38
Q

What characterizes the Preoperational Stage?

A

Child develops a representational system and uses symbols to represent people, places, and events.

39
Q

What is the Theory of Mind?

A

Stage Attainment in the Preoperational Stage.

40
Q

What is Egocentrism?

A

Inability to see a situation from another perspective.

41
Q

What is the Concrete Operational Stage?

A

Child begins to logically solve problems about concrete events.

42
Q

What is Conservation in cognitive development?

A

Principle that irrelevant changes in the external appearance of objects have no effect on the object’s quantity.

43
Q

What is the highest stage of cognitive development according to Piaget?

A

Formal Operational Stage.

44
Q

What does the Ecological Theory propose?

A

We are surrounded by environmental systems that influence our development.

45
Q

What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

A

Gap between what children are able to do and what they are not ready to accomplish.

46
Q

What is Scaffolding in the context of Vygotsky’s theory?

A

Assistance from an advanced individual.

47
Q

What are the levels of Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory?

A

Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem.

48
Q

What is the Microsystem?

A

Immediate environment (e.g., family, peers, school).

49
Q

What is the Exosystem?

A

Social settings that cannot be experienced directly but still influence the individual (e.g., parent’s workplace).

50
Q

What is Imprinting?

A

Process in which infant animals form an attachment to the first moving object they see.

51
Q

Who proposed Attachment Theory?

A

John Bowlby.

52
Q

What is the Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis?

A

Continual disruption of the attachment could result in long-term cognitive, social, and emotional difficulties for the infant.

53
Q

What are the four attachment styles identified?

A
  • Secure Attachment
  • Avoidant (Dismissive) Attachment
  • Ambivalent (Anxious/Preoccupied) Attachment
  • Disorganized (Fearful-Avoidant) Attachment.
54
Q

What characterizes the Secure Attachment style?

A

Child uses caregiver as a secure base to explore surroundings and seek comfort when frightened.

55
Q

What is the Protest Stage of Separation Anxiety?

A

Child cries and resists soothing when the caregiver is first out of sight.

56
Q

What is the Despair Stage in the context of separation anxiety?

A

Child becomes quiet, sad, passive, listless, and apathetic as separation continues.

57
Q

What is the focus of Piaget’s Stages of Moral Development?

A

How children’s moral reasoning evolves as they grow.

58
Q

What is the Heteronomous Stage in Piaget’s theory?

A

Justice and rules are perceived as non-negotiable and imposed by authority.

59
Q

What is Kohlberg’s focus in his Moral Development Theory?

A

How children develop morality and moral reasoning.

60
Q

What is the first stage of Kohlberg’s Preconventional Morality?

A

Obedience and Punishment.

61
Q

What characterizes Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development?

A

Emphasis on the development of Care and Empathy.

62
Q

What is the focus of Level I in Gilligan’s stages of moral development?

A

Preconventional Morality – The self and the need to survive.

63
Q

What is the main idea behind Moral Dilemma?

A

Situation in which a person faces a choice between two or more actions, each of which has moral implications.

64
Q

What is the significance of the Black & White Phenomenon?

A

Thought pattern that makes people think in absolutes; aka dichotomous thinking.

65
Q

What is Level I of Gilligan’s Stages of Moral Development?

A

Preconventional Morality – The self and the need to survive

Focused on self-interest and survival needs, characterized as selfish when realizing responsibility to others.

66
Q

What characterizes Level II of Gilligan’s Stages of Moral Development?

A

Conventional Morality – Caring for others

Concern for others overrides self-concern, leading to a morality focused on self-sacrifice.

67
Q

What is the focus of Level III in Gilligan’s Stages of Moral Development?

A

Post Conventional Morality – Principle of Nonviolence

Balances the needs of self and others, leading to a universal ethic of care.

68
Q

What are the three components of Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love?

A
  • Intimacy
  • Passion
  • Decision/Commitment

These components combine in different ways to create eight types of love.

69
Q

Define intimacy in the context of Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love.

A

Emotional connection characterized by feelings of closeness and understanding

Typically stable over time and derived from emotional investment.

70
Q

What does passion refer to in Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love?

A

Desire and physical attraction

Drives romance and sexual consummation, more prominent in short-term relationships.

71
Q

What does decision/commitment represent in Sternberg’s theory?

A

Desire to maintain a long-term relationship

Involves cognitive acknowledgment of love and commitment.

72
Q

What type of love is characterized by intimacy only?

A

Liking

Represents friendship without romantic elements.

73
Q

What is infatuation in the context of Sternberg’s love types?

A

Passion only

Often described as love at first sight, involving high arousal.

74
Q

What is empty love?

A

Commitment only

Found in long-term relationships where feelings have diminished.

75
Q

What defines romantic love according to Sternberg?

A

Intimacy + Passion

Often occurs at the beginning of long-term relationships.

76
Q

What are the primary love styles in Lee’s Wheel Model of Love?

A
  • Eros
  • Storge
  • Ludos

Eros is passionate love, Storge is friendly love, and Ludos is playful love.

77
Q

What does the secondary love style ‘mania’ represent?

A

Obsessive love

Characterized by intense emotional highs and lows.

78
Q

What is the focus of a case study in research methods?

A

In-depth examination of a single individual, group, or situation

Provides detailed insights but has limited generalizability.

79
Q

What is the main goal of an experiment in research?

A

To establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables

Involves manipulation of independent variables to observe effects on dependent variables.

80
Q

What is a correlational study designed to find?

A

Positive or negative relationships between variables

Enables predictions but cannot establish cause and effect.

81
Q

What does ethical research require approval from?

A

Institutional Review Boards (IRB)

Ensures research is conducted ethically with a balance of benefits and risks.

82
Q

What are the challenges of recruiting participants for developmental research?

A

Difficult to recruit infants, young children, and vulnerable populations

This can lead to higher attrition rates in longitudinal studies.

83
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

Data collected from different ages at a single point in time

Used to assess age-related differences but may be subject to cohort effects.

84
Q

What is a longitudinal study focused on?

A

Repeated observations of the same group over time

Examines individual changes with age but can suffer from attrition.

85
Q

What does the sequential research design combine?

A

Cross-sectional and longitudinal designs

Tracks people of different ages over time but is time-consuming.

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (3 decks)

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