ch2

Question 1

Which of the following statements about theories is true?
a. theories can change to incorporate new findings
b. theories are based on certain assumptions
c. theories and research are interwoven
d. all of these

Answer 1

d. all of these

Question 2

In the study of human development, a theory is a set of
a. logically related statements seeking to describe, explain, and predict development.
b. facts derived from research
c. research results that can prove behaviors
d. opinions of a well-known authority in a field

Answer 2

a. logically related statements seeking to describe, explain, and predict development.

Question 3

A good theory develops __________, which can then be tested by research.
a. data
b. hypotheses
c. findings
d. facts

Answer 3

b. hypotheses

Question 4

“If children learn aggression from models, then children who watch violent television shows should be more aggressive than children who watch nonviolent shows.” This is an example of a
a. theory
b. finding
c. hypothesis
d. conclusion

Answer 4

c. hypothesis

Question 5

Which early philosopher described children as a tabula rasa on which society writes?

Answer 5

John Locke

Question 6

If Odjie’s behavior is viewed as passive and reactive, he would be perceived as demonstrating the __________ model of behavior
a. naturalistic
b. mechanistic
c. organismic
d. maturationistic

Answer 6

b. mechanistic
meaning: relating to theories which explain phenomena in purely physical or deterministic terms.
“a mechanistic interpretation of nature”

Question 7

If Joya’s behavior is viewed as active and self-determining, he would be perceived as demonstrating the __________ model of behavior.
a. naturalistic
b. mechanistic
c. organismic
d. maturationistic

Answer 7

c. organismic
meaning: [of or relating to or belonging to an organism (considered as a whole) “the organismic theory of the state]

Question 8

Organismic theorists emphasize __________ change, while mechanistic theorists emphasize __________ change
a. quantitative; qualitative
b. behavioral; developmental
c. qualitative; quantitative
d. mechanistic; organismic

Answer 8

c. qualitative; quantitative

Question 9

The quantitative changes, such as documenting the number of words added to a child’s vocabulary, support which theory?
a. mechanistic
b. developmental
c. qualitative
d. organismic

Answer 9

a. mechanistic

Question 10

Hayzel’s mother believes that most of Hayzel’s acting out lately has been caused by unconscious forces within her that motivate her behavior. Hayzel’s mother follows the ______ perspective.
a. humanistic
b. ethological
c. psychoanalytic
d. learning

Answer 10

c. psychoanalytic

Question 11

A therapeutic approach aimed at giving patients insight into their unconscious conflicts is called
a. repression analysis
b. psychoanalysis
c. psychosexual analysis
d. psychoconsciousness

Answer 11

b. psychoanalysis

Question 12

Freud’s theory on human development states that people develop in an unvarying sequence of maturationally determined stages of __________ development.
a. psychosocial
b. psychoanalytic
c. psychoconscious
d. psychosexual

Answer 12

d. psychosexual

Question 13

The proper order of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development is

Answer 13

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.

Question 14

According to psychosexual theory, 4-year-old Mikiel would be in which stage?
a. oral
b. anal
c. phallic
d. latency

Answer 14

c. phallic
[involves a boy, aged between 3 and 6, becoming unconsciously sexually attached to his mother, and hostile towards his father (who he views as a rival)].

Question 15

As an adult, Charlotte spends considerable time each day cleaning her apartment, arranging her socks in a drawer until they are just right, and making schedules on a calendar. According to Freud, Charlotte is probably fixated in the __________ stage
a. oral
b. anal
c. genital
d. phallic

Answer 15

b. anal
[the period of human development occurring at about one to three years of age. Around this age, the child begins to toilet train, which brings about the child’s fascination in the erogenous zone of the anus.]

Question 16

Each of Erikson’s stages involved a major developmental issue that is particularly important at that time. Erikson referred to these issues as __________ in personality.
a. traumas
b. crises
c. stages
d. phases

Answer 16

b. crises

Question 17

According to Erikson, the resolution of the crisis at each stage of psychosocial development must include a _______ between positive and negative traits.
a. skewing toward the positive
b. skewing toward the negative
c. synthesis
d. balance

Answer 17

d. balance

Question 18

Jewel is in her fourth stage of development according to the developmental stage theory that Erikson put forth. Under normal conditions, if Jewel lives into old age, in how many stages will she ultimately participate?
a. 3
b. 5
c. 8
d. 12

Answer 18

c. 8

Question 19

According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, a teenage girl would be facing the crisis of
a. intimacy vs. isolation
b. integrity vs. despair
c. industry vs. inferiority
d. identity vs. identity confusion

Answer 19

d. identity vs. identity confusion

Question 20

An example of Erikson’s stage of initiative versus guilt would be
a. an infant learning that she can depend on being fed.
b. a 3-year-old trying to fill a cup with water and cheerfully wiping up the water when it spills
c. a 10-year-old learning to read fluently
d. a teenager conforming to peer pressure.

Answer 20

b. a 3-year-old trying to fill a cup with water and cheerfully wiping up the water when it spills

Question 21

Freud’s research stressed the importance of
a. concious behavior
b. the role of heredity in parenting
c. ways in which earlt relationship affect later ones
d. the lack of use of recalling childhood experiences

Answer 21

c. ways in which earlt relationship affect later ones

Question 22

In contrast with Freud, Erikson placed more emphasis on
a. physical development
b. intellectual development
c. the role of parents
d. social and cultural influences

Answer 22

d. social and cultural influences

Question 23

A long-lasting change in behavior as a result of experience or adaptation to its environment is called
a. modification
b. cognition
c. learning
d. behaviorism

Answer 23

c. learning

Question 24

Two important learning theories are____________ and_______________.
a. behaviorism; cognitive therapy
b. social learning theory; operant conditioning
c. social learning theory; psychoanalytic theory
d. psychoanalytic theory; cognitive theory

Answer 24

b. social learning theory; operant conditioning

Question 25

Learning theorists are most concerned with
a. measurable, observable behaviors.
b. unconscious determination of behaviors.
c. development of intelligence.
d. personality conflicts between parents and children.

Answer 25

a. measurable, observable behaviors.