Ch15 Krause Flashcards
amylophagia
The compulsive eating of purified starch
ART
assisted reproductive technology - parents can be sperm donors
Infertility
15% of couples are infertile
What vitamins/minerals increase chance of fertility
Vitamin D, calcium (especially for male sperm), zinc, folic acid, antioxidants. Reduce or stop smoking and alcohol.
Causes for miscarriage within the first 20 weeks are:
Defects in fetus, maternal infection, structural abnormalities of the uterus, Endocrine or immunological disturbances
colostrum
the first secretion from the mammary glands after giving birth, rich in antibodies
baby-led weaning
a method of introducing solid food into a baby’s diet by allowing them to feed themselves, as opposed to being spoon-fed.
conception
series of endocrine events where healthy sperm fertilizes a healthy egg (ovum) within 24 hours of ovulation.
pica
consumption of non food substances
geophagia
consumption of dirt or clay
pagophagia
consumption of ice
GDM
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus - carbohydrate intolerance with onset during pregnancy
mother -led weaning
the mother encourages the baby to stop breastfeeding.
PPD (postpartum Depression
negative consequences affecting the mother and child, includes increased costs of medical care, inappropriate medical care, child abuse, neglect, stopping of breastfeeding, and family dysfunction
galactogogues
milk production
transitional milk
begins production approximately 2 - 5 days after delivery until around 10 -14 days
mature milk
final stage of milk production and usually begins to appear near the end of the second week after childbirth
fore-milk
first milk released during a breastfeed - high in water content to meet baby’s hydration needs
sub-fertility
reduced level of fertility characterized by unusually long time for conception
Two phases of menstrual cycle
Follicular phase
Luteal phase
Follicular phase
First half of menstrual cycle
Follicle growth and maturation
Luteal phase
Last half of menstrual cycle
Begins after ovulation
Formation of corpus luteum
Vitamins/Minerals that can affect men’s fertility
Zinc, Soy isoflavones- reduced sperm count Vitamin D Iron Caffeine Alcohol -Increases testosterone levels, reduces sperm concentration, total sperm count, and percent of sperm with normal shape
Vitamins/Minerals that can affect women’s fertility
Soy isoflavones-decreased fertility in woman Vitamin D Iron Caffeine Alcohol
What may influence fertility or the course and outcome of pregnancy
Obesity, underweight, negative energy balance, eating disorders, diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, phenylketonuria, celiac disease, etc.
Hypothalamic amenorrhea
Loss of menstrual cycles due to the absence of ovulation
Caused by deficits in energy and nutrients
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
inherited disorder of amino-acid metabolism
Nutrition management of PKU
Low-phenylalanine diet
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) diet recommendations
Lean proteins, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, regular meals, non-fat dairy, and low-glycemic index carbohydrates
Celiac Disease diet recommendations
Elimination of gluten, correction of vitamin and mineral deficiencies, and long-term health maintenance
congenital anomolies
structural or functional anomalies (for example, metabolic disorders) that occur during intrauterine life and can be identified prenatally, at birth, or sometimes may only be detected later in infancy, such as hearing defects
gravida
medical term that relate to pregnancy and birth.
FAS (Fetal Alcohol syndrome)
condition in a child that results from alcohol exposure during the mother’s pregnancy. Fetal alcohol syndrome causes brain damage and growth problems. The problems caused by fetal alcohol syndrome vary from child to child, but defects caused by fetal alcohol syndrome are not reversible
gestational hypertension
elevated blood pressure that appears after 20 weeks but without proteinuria or other findings.
HELLP syndrome
hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets
macrosomia
baby weighing more than 4000 g
hind-milk
the milk obtained in the latter part of one session of breastfeeding a baby or milking a farm animal, which contains more fat than the milk at the start of the session (the foremilk).
HG (hyperemesis gravidarum)
is a pregnancy complication that is characterized by severe nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and possibly dehydration. Feeling faint may also occur. It is considered more severe than morning sickness.
IUFD(intauterine fetal demise)
fetal death that occurs after 20 weeks gestation but before birth
ptyalism gravidarum
excess saliva
lactogenesis I
beginning of milk production
lactogenesis II
white creamy milk is produced in greater quantities. Breasts become larger and firmer.
let-down
highly sensitive process where milk moves through the ducts and lactiferous sinuses
Montgomery glands
produce a natural oil that cleans, lubricates and protects the nipple during pregnancy and breastfeeding
oxytocin
. It is normally produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary
