Ch.14 The Road To Confederation

Question 1

John A. Macdonald

Answer 1

• Emerged as leader of Conservative Bloc
• Persuaded many voters in Canada west to reject reforms that would alienate the Francophones of Canada East.
• Favoured a legislative union over the federal union proposed by George Brown.
• MacDonald was a consummate political organizer with great persuasive skills.
• MacDonald was both a workaholic and alcoholic
• Macdonald was a lawyer, had directorships in banks and various companies

-

Question 2

George E’tine Cartier

Answer 2

Sir George-Étienne Cartier, 1st Baronet, PC was a Canadian statesman and Father of Confederation.

• In the years leading up to Confederation, Cartier was a dominant figure in the politics of Canada East as leader of the Parti Bleu.
• In 1838 he returned to Montreal after a year in exile for his role in the anti-government rebellion.
• Cartier had several reasons for supporting Confederation, notably his fear of American expansion. He officially entered politics in 1848.
• During his long career he promoted the establishment of the Civil Code as the formal law of Canada East.
• He also promoted the introduction of primary education in the province. He died in London, England on May 20, 1873.
• The English spelling of the name, George, instead of Georges, the usual French spelling, is explained by his having been named in honour of King George III.

Question 3

George Brown

Answer 3

• George Brown (November 29, 1818 – May 9, 1880) was a Scottish-born Canadian journalist, politician and one of the Fathers of Confederation;
• attended the Charlottetown (September 1864) and Quebec (October 1864) conferences.[1]
• A noted Reform politician, he is best known as the founder and editor of the Toronto Globe, Canada’s most influential newspaper at the time. -He was an articulate champion of the grievances and anger of Upper Canada (Ontario).
• He played a major role in securing national unity. His career in active politics faltered after 1865,
• but he remained a powerful spokesman for the Liberal Party promoting westward expansion and opposing the policies of Conservative Prime Minister John A. Macdonald.

Question 4

George Coles

Answer 4

• George Coles was a Canadian politician, being the first Premier of Prince Edward Island, and a Father of Canadian Confederation.
• Coles was born in Queens Royalty, Prince Edward Island, the son of James Coles, a farmer, and Sarah Tally.
• Although he had little formal education he became a farmer and a businessman at an early age.
• He travelled to England at age 18. There he learned about the brewing industry.
• While in England he married Mercy Haine on August 14, 1833 and they returned to Prince Edward Island before the end of that year.
• He soon became a prosperous brewer and merchant.

Question 5

Albert J. Smith

Answer 5

Sir Albert James Smith KCMG PC QC (March 12, 1822 – June 30, 1883)

• was a New Brunswick politician and opponent of Canadian confederation.
• Smith’s grandfather was a United Empire Loyalist who left Massachusetts to settle in New Brunswick after the American Revolution.
• Smith entered politics in 1852 entering the House of Assembly as an opponent of the Tory compact that ran the colony and became a leading reform and advocate of responsible government which was granted to the colony in 1854
• Smith became a member of the reform government that took power that year and went on to become Attorney-General in 1861 under Premier Samuel Leonard Tilley.
• Smith split with Tilley over railway policy and Canadian confederation with Smith becoming leader of the Anti-Confederates winning the 1865 election but was forced from office the next year by the lieutenant-governor.

Question 6

John Sinfeild MacDonald

Answer 6

• John Sandfield Macdonald, QC was the Premier of the Province of Canada from 1862 to 1864,
• and was the first Premier of Ontario from 1867 to 1871,
• one of the four founding provinces created at the confederation of Canada in 1867

Question 7

Charles Tupper

Answer 7

• Sir Charles Tupper, 1st Baronet, GCMG, CB, PC was a Canadian father of Confederation: as the Premier of Nova Scotia from 1864 to 1867, he led Nova Scotia into Confederation
• He went on to serve as the sixth Prime Minister of Canada, sworn into office on May 1, 1896, seven days after parliament had been dissolved. He lost the June 23 election and resigned on July 8, 1896. His 69-day term as prime minister is currently the shortest in Canadian history.

Question 8

Samuel Leonard Tilley

Answer 8

Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley KCMG CB PC was a Canadian politician and one of the Fathers of Confederation.

• Tilley was descended from United Empire Loyalists on both sides of his family.
• As a pharmacist, he went into business as a druggist.

Question 9

Thomas D’Archy McGee

Answer 9

• Thomas D’Arcy Etienne Hughes McGee, (13 April 1825 – 7 April 1868) was an Irish-Canadian politician, Catholic spokesman, journalist, poet, and a Father of Canadian Confederation.
• The young McGee was a Catholic Irishman who hated the British rule of Ireland, and worked for a peasant revolution to overthrow British rule and secure Irish independence.
• He escaped arrest and fled to the United States in 1848, where he reversed his political beliefs.
• He became disgusted with American republicanism and democracy, and became intensely conservative in his politics and in his religious support for the Pope.
• He moved to Canada in 1857 and worked hard to convince the Irish Catholics to cooperate with the Protestant British in forming a Confederation that would make for a strong Canada in close alliance with Britain.
• His fervor for Confederation garnered him the title: ‘Canada’s first nationalist’.
• He fought the Fenians in Canada, who were Irish Catholics who hated the British and resembled his younger self politically.
• McGee succeeded in helping create the Canadian Confederation in 1867,
• but was assassinated by Fenian Elements in 1868.

Question 10

Henry Youle Hind

Answer 10

• Henry Youle Hind was a Canadian geologist and explorer.
• He was born in Nottingham, England, and immigrated to Toronto, Ontario in 1846.
• He taught chemistry and geology at Trinity College in Toronto.
• Hind led an expedition to explore the Canadian prairies in 1857 and 1858.
• In 1857, the Red River Exploring Expedition explored the Red and Assiniboine River valleys, and in 1858, the Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Exploring Expedition explored the Assiniboine, Souris, Qu’Appelle, and South Saskatchewan River valleys.
• The expeditions are described in his reports Narrative of the Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition of 1857 and Reports of Progress on the Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Exploring Expedition

Question 11

John Hamilton Gray

Answer 11

John Hamilton Gray (14 June 1811 – 13 August 1887)

• was Premier of Prince Edward Island from 1863 – 1865 and one of the Fathers of Confederation.
• Gray was born in 1811, the son of Robert Gray, a United Empire Loyalist from Virginia.
• The elder Gray held a number of important administrative appointments in the early colonial government.

Question 12

John Palliser

Answer 12

• John Palliser CMG was an Irish-born geographer and explorer. -Following his service in the Waterford Militia and hunting excursions to the North American prairies, he led the British North American
• Exploring Expedition which investigated the geography, climate and ecology of western Canada.

Question 13

Henri Gutstave Joly

Answer 13

Sir Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, PC KCMG served as the fourth Premier of the Canadian province of Quebec,

• a federal Cabinet minister,
• and the seventh Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia.

Question 14

Hugh Hoyles

Answer 14

• Sir Hugh Hoyles was a politician and lawyer who served as the third premier of the Newfoundland Colony.
• Hoyles was the first premier of Newfoundland to have been born in the colony, and served from 1861 to 1865.

Question 15

Lord Durham

Answer 15

John George Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham, GCB, PC (12 April 1792 – 28 July 1840),

• also known as “Radical Jack”
• and commonly referred to in Canadian history texts simply as Lord Durham,
• was a British Whig statesman, colonial administrator, Governor General and high commissioner of British North America

Question 16

Sir Frendrick Williams

Answer 16

Sir Frederick Martin Williams, 2nd Baronet (25 January 1830 – 3 September 1878) was a politician in the United Kingdom.
-He was Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Truro in Cornwall from 1865 until his death in 1878.

Question 17

John Alfred Poor

Answer 17

John Alfred Poor (January 8, 1808 – September 6, 1871) was an American lawyer, editor, and entrepreneur best remembered for his association with the Grand Trunk Railway and his role in developing the railroad system in Main.

• He was the older brother of Henry Varnum Poor of Standard & Poor’s, who was his partner in some business ventures.
• John Poor was an articulate man standing 6 feet, two inches (1.9 m) tall and weighing over 250 pounds (110 kg).
• He learned the geography and commerce of northern New England during travels as a young man; and developed an early appreciation for the potential of railroads.
• His commanding presence was enhanced by early speaking experience as a teacher and attorney.
• He had a unique ability to assemble the necessary resources to build early railroads, although he left the routine work of operations to others.

Question 18

Alexander Galt

Answer 18

• Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt, GCMG CB PC, was a politician and a father of Canadian Confederation.
• He was born in Chelsea, England, the son of a Scottish novelist and colonizer, John Galt, by his wife Elizabeth, only daughter of Alexander Tilloch.
• He was born in Chelsea, England, the son of a Scottish novelist and colonizer, John Galt, by his wife Elizabeth, only daughter of Alexander Tilloc
• He was a first cousin of Sir Hugh Allan of Montreal.

Question 19

Alexander Morris

Answer 19

Alexander Morris, PC (March 17, 1826 – October 28, 1889)
-was a Canadian politician.
-He served in the cabinet of Prime Minister John A. Macdonald (1869–1872),
-and was the second Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba (1872–1877).
He also served as the founder and first Lieutenant Governor of the District of Keewatin.

Question 20

Edward Watkin

Answer 20

Sir Edward William Watkin, 1st Baronet (26 September 1819 – 13 April 1901) was a British Member of Parliament and railway entrepreneur.
-He was an ambitious visionary, and presided over large-scale railway engineering projects to fulfil his business aspirations, eventually rising to become chairman of nine different British railway companies.
-Among his more notable projects were his expansion of the Metropolitan Railway (part of today’s London Underground network); the construction of the Great Central Main Line, a purpose-built high-speed railway line;
the creation of a pleasure gardens with a partially constructed iron tower at Wembley
-and a failed attempt to dig a channel tunnel under the English Channel to connect his railway empire to the French rail network

Question 21

British North American Colonies

Answer 21

The British Colonies of the North American continent.

Question 22

British North American Confederation

Answer 22

• The Dominion of Canada wasn’t born out of revolution or a sweeping outburst of nationalism. Rather, it was created in a series of conferences and orderly negotiations, culminating in the terms of Confederation on 1 July 1867.
• Confederation had become a serious question in the Province of Canada (formerly Lower Canada and Upper Canada) by 1864. In the Atlantic colonies, however, a great deal of pressure would still be necessary to convert romantic ideas of a single northern nation spanning the continent into political reality.
• A series of fortuitous events helped. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick had some interest in reuniting as a single colony following their division in 1784; they were helped by the British Colonial Office, which felt that a political union of all three Maritime colonies was desirable, including Prince Edward Island. Maritime union would abolish three colonial legislatures and replace them with one.
• In the spring of 1864 all three legislatures passed resolutions declaring lukewarm interest in having a conference on the subject. But nothing was done; it was only when the Province of Canada announced its interest in being asked to attend such a meeting that the Maritime governments woke up. If the Province of Canada was going to attend, then there had to be a conference for them to come to. Charlottetown was appointed as the place — Prince Edward Island would not attend otherwise — and 1 September 1864 was chosen as the date.

Question 23

House of Commons

Answer 23

• The House of Commons of Canada (French: Chambre des communes du Canada) is a component of the Parliament of Canada,
• along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and the Senate.
• The House of Commons chamber is located in the Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings on Parliament Hill in Ottawa.

Question 24

What were the external and internal causes that influenced the founding of the confederation?

Answer 24

-Nationalism and colonial identity throughout the western world
-Periodic nationalist uprisings that shook Europe
-Irish patriots demanding to end the despised union between them and Britain
-National rhetoric fuelled movements to unify the Italian and German states and inspired the rebels of 1837-38 in upper and Lower Canada especially amongst the French Canadians
-Tension between the anglophones and francophones
-

Question 25

Francophones

Answer 25

Speakers of the French language

Question 26

Anglophones

Answer 26

Speakers of the English language

Question 27

Hudson Bay Company (HBC)

Answer 27

A company that was, and still is in Canada. This company competied in the fur trade with the North West Company (NWC). NWC ended up merging with the HBC after much brutal competition. When fur-trade but when that died down, the HBC company went into retail. Today, this company has a department store called “The Bay”.

Question 28

Confederation

Answer 28

-Canadian Confederation (French: Confédération canadienne) was the process by which the British colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were united into one Dominion of Canada on July 1, 1867.

Question 29

Irish Catholics

Answer 29

Irish Catholics are people who are Catholic and Irish.

Question 30

Fenion Brotherhood

Answer 30

The Fenian Brotherhood was an Irish republican organisation founded in the United States in 1858 by John O’Mahony and Michael Doheny.

• It was a precursor to Clan na Gael, a sister organisation to the Irish Republican Brotherhood. Members were commonly known as “Fenians”.
• O’Mahony, who was a Celtic scholar, named his organisation after the Fianna, the legendary band of Irish warriors led by Fionn mac Cumhaill

Question 31

The Toronto Globe

Answer 31

During the time of the confederation, The Toronto Globe was the most influential news source in Canada.

Question 32

Maritime Colonies

Answer 32

-British settlement of the Maritimes, as the colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island came to be known, accelerated throughout the late 18th century and into the 19th century with significant immigration to the region as a result of Scottish migrants displaced by the Highland Clearances and Irish escaping the Great Irish Famine (1845–1849). As a result, significant portions of the three provinces are influenced by Celtic heritages, with Scottish Gaelic (and to a lesser degree, Irish Gaelic) having been widely spoken, particularly in Cape Breton, although it is less prevalent today.

Question 33

Prince Edward Islanders

Answer 33

People who lived on Prince Edward Island.

Question 34

Atlantic Colonies

Answer 34

Atlantic Canada is the region of Canada comprising the four provinces located on the Atlantic coast, excluding Quebec: the three Maritime provinces – New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia – and the easternmost province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The population of the four Atlantic provinces in 2011 was about 2,300,000[2] on half a million km2.

Question 35

Province of Canada

Answer 35

• The United Province of Canada, or the Province of Canada, or the United Canadas was a British colony in North America from 1841 to 1867.
• Its formation reflected recommendations made by John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham in the Report on the Affairs of British North America following the Rebellions of 1837–38.

Question 36

Tenant League

Answer 36

The Tenant League in Prince Edward Island was a 19th-century agrarian populist movement whose goal was the “dismantling of the proprietary land system” in that province.

Question 37

The Federal Government

Answer 37

The branch government that governs Canada on a national level.

Question 38

Catholic Schools in Ontario

Answer 38

-The branches of government that govern each of the Canadian provinces.

Question 39

Acadians

Answer 39

The Acadians were neglected in regards to their say in the forming of the confederation.

The Acadia are the descendants of French colonists who
settled in Acadia during the 17th and 18th centuries, some of whom are also Métis.
-The colony was located in what is now Eastern Canada’s Maritime provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island), as well as part of Quebec, and present-day Maine to the Kennebec River.

Question 40

First-Nations People

Answer 40

Canadas aboriginals who were often neglected during the time of conversation. They had no say in regards to the forming of the confederation.

Question 41

Dominion of Canada

Answer 41

• Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1, 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia joined to form the semi-autonomous federal Dominion of Canada.
• This began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada.

Question 42

Royal Geographical Society

Answer 42

• The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) is the UK’s learned society and professional body for geography,
• founded in 1830 for the advancement of geographical sciences. -Today, it is the leading centre for geographers and geographical learning.
• The Society has over 16,500 members and its work reaches millions of people each year through publications, research groups and lectures.

Question 43

Two New Canadas?

Answer 43

Quebec and Ontario

Question 44

Prince Edward Island (PEI)

Answer 44

Prince Edward Island (PEI or P.E.I.; French: Île-du-Prince-Édouard) is a province of Canada consisting of the island of the same name, as well as several much smaller islands.

Question 45

Rupertsland

Answer 45

• Kewatinook is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba.
• The riding existed previously under the name Rupertsland. Starting with the 2011 election, the riding was renamed Kewatinook which means “from the north” in Cree.

Question 46

Upper Canada

Answer 46

The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) is the UK’s learned society and professional body for geography, founded in 1830 for the advancement of geographical sciences. Today, it is the leading centre for geographers and geographical learning. The Society has over 16,500 members and its work reaches millions of people each year through publications, research groups and lectures.

Question 47

Lower Canada

Answer 47

The Province of Lower Canada (French: province du Bas-Canada) was a British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence (1791–1841). It covered the southern portion of the modern-day Province of Quebec, Canada, and the Labrador region of the modern-day Province of Newfoundland and Labrador (until the Labrador region was transferred to Newfoundland in 1809).[2]

Question 48

Shediac + Saint John

Answer 48

Shediac is a Canadian parish in Westmorland County, New Brunswick.

Question 49

Red River

Answer 49

The Province of Lower Canada (French: province du Bas-Canada) was a British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence (1791–1841). It covered the southern portion of the modern-day Province of Quebec, Canada, and the Labrador region of the modern-day Province of Newfoundland and Labrador (until the Labrador region was transferred to Newfoundland in 1809).[2]

Question 50

Toronto

Answer 50

• Toronto (Listeni/təˈrɒntoʊ, -tə/,[10][11] local Listeni/təˈrɒnoʊ, ˈtrɒ-/) is the most populous city in Canada,[12] the provincial capital of Ontario,[13] and the centre of the Greater Toronto Area, the most populous metropolitan area in Canada.[14] Growing in population, the 2011 census recorded a population of 2,615,060.[6] As of 2015, the population is now estimated at 2,826,498,[15] making Toronto the fourth-largest city in North America based on the population within its city limits. Toronto trails only Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles by this measure, while it is the fifth-largest (behind also Chicago) if ranked by the size of its metropolitan area .[16][17] An established global city,[18] Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, and culture,[19][20] and widely recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world.[21][22][23][24][25]
• In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the town’s capture and plunder by US forces.[66] The surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation. The sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war. York was incorporated as the City of Toronto on March 6, 1834, reverting to its original native name.

Question 51

Quebec City

Answer 51

Quebec City (French: Ville de Québec) (pronounced Listeni/kwᵻˈbɛk/ or /kəˈbɛk/;[9] French: Québec [kebɛk]), officially Québec in both Canadian English and French,[10][11] is the capital of the province of Quebec in Canada. In 2015 the city had a population of 540,994,[12] and the metropolitan area had a population of 806,400,[13] making it Canada’s seventh-largest metropolitan area and Quebec’s second-largest city after Montreal, which is about 260 kilometres (160 mi) to the southwest, respectively. Quebec is the second-largest French-speaking city in Canada after Montreal.

Question 52

Assinibora

Answer 52

Assiniboia District refers to two historical districts of Canada’s North-West Territories. The name is taken from the Assiniboine First Nation.

Question 53

Great Britain

Answer 53

Great Britain, also known as Britain Listeni/ˈbrɪ.tən/, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of 209,331 km2 (80,823 sq mi), Great Britain is the largest European island and the ninth-largest in the world.[5][note 1] In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the world’s third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan.[7][8] The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, and together these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands, comprise the British Isles archipelago.[9]

Question 54

St. Lawrence River

Answer 54

The Saint Lawrence River (French: Fleuve Saint-Laurent; Tuscarora: Kahnawáʼkye;[3] Mohawk: Kaniatarowanenneh, meaning “big waterway”) is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America. The Saint Lawrence River flows in a roughly north-easterly direction, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean and forming the primary drainage outflow of the Great Lakes Basin. It traverses the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and is part of the international boundary between Ontario, Canada, and the U.S. state of New York. This river also provides the basis of the commercial Saint Lawrence Seaway.

Question 55

HBC

What is this ancoynom?

Answer 55

Hudson Bay Company

Question 56

Halifax

Answer 56

Halifax (/ˈhælᵻfæks/, locally /ˈhɛlᵻfæks/), legally known as the Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM), is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The metropolitan area had a population of 390,096 in 2011, with 297,943 in the urban area centred on Halifax Harbour.[4][5] The regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996: Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, and the Municipality of Halifax County.

Question 57

Maritime Union Proposal

Answer 57

A Maritime Union is a proposed political union of the three Maritime provinces of Canada: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island to form a single new province.

-This vision has sometimes been expanded to a proposed Atlantic Union, which would also include the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Question 58

Charlottetown Conference

Answer 58

• The Charlottetown Conference was held in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island for representatives from the colonies of British North America to discuss Canadian Confederation.
• The conference took place between September 1 through 9, 1864.

Question 59

Fraser Valley Gold Rush of 1858

Answer 59

The Fraser Gold Rush. In 1858 at least 30 000 gold seekers flooded the banks of the Fraser River from Hope to just north of Lillooet in British Columbia’s first significant gold rush. Although short in duration, the Fraser Rush had a significant impact on the area’s Aboriginal peoples.

Question 60

Quebec Conference

Answer 60

The 32 delegates from the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island had agreed at the close of the Charlottetown Conference to meet again at Quebec City (at the Old Parliament Building) October 1864.

Question 61

The Quebec Agreement

Answer 61

The Quebec Agreement is an Anglo-American document outlining the terms of coordinated development of the basic science and advanced engineering developments as related to nuclear energy; and, specifically weapons that employ nuclear energy. The joint agreement was between the United Kingdom and the United States, and signed by Winston Churchill and Franklin Delano Roosevelt on August 19, 1943, two years before the end of World War II, in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.

Question 62

The BNA Act

Answer 62

-The Official Language Act of 1974[1] (French Loi sur la langue officielle), also known as Bill 22, was an act of the National Assembly of Quebec, commissioned by Premier Robert Bourassa, which made French the sole official language of Quebec, Canada. Provincial desire for the Official Language Act came after the repeal of Bill 63. It was ultimately supplanted by the Charter of the French Language (also known as Bill 101) in 1977, which imposed French as the only language for advertising and education (with many exceptions)

Question 63

July 1st 1867

Answer 63

The day Canada was officially founded as a country.

Question 64

Reform Ministry 1862

Answer 64

Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada were the leaders of the Province of Canada, from the 1841 unification of Upper Canada and Lower Canada until Confederation in 1867.[1]

Following the abortive Rebellions of 1837, Lord Durham was appointed governor in chief of British North America. In his 1839 Report on the Affairs of British North America, he recommended that Upper and Lower Canada be united under a single Parliament, with responsible government.[1] As a result, in 1841, the first Parliament of the Province of Canada was convened.

Question 65

Grand Trunk Railway

Answer 65

The Grand Trunk Railway (reporting mark GT) was a railway system that operated in the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and in the American states of Connecticut, Maine, Michigan, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont.[1] The railway was operated from headquarters in Montreal, Quebec, with corporate headquarters in London, England (4 Warwick House Street). The Grand Trunk, its subsidiaries, and the Canadian Government Railways were precursors of today’s Canadian National Railways.

Question 66

What happened during Feb 2 1865 to March 11 186 ?

Answer 66

Confederation Debate

Question 67

How long did the confederation debate last?

Answer 67

Feb 2 1865- March 11 1865

Question 68

What went on between the time of Feb 2 1865-March 11 1865?

Answer 68

The Confederation Debate

Question 69

Who stood up to the submergence of Anglophones in favour of the Francophones?

Answer 69

Henri-Gusteve Joly (East Canada)

Question 70

Was Henri-Guesteve Joly from the East or the West of Canada?

Answer 70

The East of Canada

Question 71

Reciprocity Treaty

Answer 71

• The Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, also known as the Elgin-Marcy Treaty, was a trade treaty between Great Britain and the United States, applying to British possessions in North America including the United Province of Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland Colony.
• It covered raw materials and was in effect from 1854 to 1865. It represented a move toward free trade and so was opposed by protectionist elements in the United States.
• After the conclusion of the American Civil War, the protectionist elements were joined by Americans angry at alleged British collaboration with the Confederate States of America during the war and the alliance was successful in terminating the treaty in 1866.
• The response in much of British North America was to form the Dominion of Canada (1867), which was expected to both open up many new economic opportunities inside Canada and unify the colonies against growing expansionist sentiments in the United States, associated with the Alaska Purchase. Attempts by the Liberal Party of Canada to revive free trade in 1911 led to a political victory for the Conservative Party, which warned that Canada would be annexed by the Americans.
• Talk of reciprocity was ended for decades.

Question 72

British North American Trade

Answer 72

The North American fur trade was the industry and activities related to the acquisition, trade, exchange, and sale of animal furs in North America. Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Native Americans in the United States of different regions traded among themselves in the Pre-Columbian Era, but Europeans participated in the trade beginning from the time of their arrival in the New World and extended its reach to Europe. The French started trading in the 16th century, the English established trading posts on Hudson Bay in present-day Canada in the 17th century, and the Dutch had trade by the same time in New Netherland. The 19th-century North American fur trade, when the industry was at its peak of economic importance, involved the development of elaborate trade networks and companies.

Question 73

British North America Act (March 1867)

Answer 73

The British North America Acts 1867–1975 are the original names of a series of Acts at the core of the constitution of Canada. They were enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and the Parliament of Canada. In Canada, some of the Acts were amended or repealed by the Constitution Act, 1982. The rest were renamed in Canada as the Constitution Acts. In the United Kingdom, those Acts that were passed by the British Parliament remain under their original names. The term “British North America” (BNA) refers to the British colonies in North America.

Question 74

What year was the British North American Act?

Answer 74

March 1867

Question 75

What was the Act from 1867?

Answer 75

The British North American Act

Question 76

July 1st 1867 “Dominion of Canada” officially came into being but was not called “kingdom” because…..

Answer 76

It would offended Americans (US)

Question 77

Why was the Dominion of Canada called the Dominion of Canada rather than the originally intended name of “Kingdom”?

Answer 77

In consideration to Canada’s US neighbors and to not offended Americans

Question 78

When did the Canadian Dominion of Canada come into being?

Answer 78

July 1st 1867

Question 79

Tilley was inspired by what?

Answer 79

Psalm 72 of the Bible

Question 80

Tilley was inspired by Pslam 72 from the Bible what was this verse about?

Answer 80

-Of having dominance from sea to sea and from the river unto the ends of the earth

Question 81

The Bleus

Answer 81

French conservative

Question 82

What was “Manifest Destiny?”

Answer 82

In the 19th century, manifest destiny was a widely held belief in the United States that its settlers were destined to expand across North America. There are three basic themes to manifest destiny:

The special virtues of the American people and their institutions
The mission of the United States to redeem and remake the west in the image of agrarian America
An irresistible destiny to accomplish this essential duty[3]
Historian Frederick Merk says this concept was born out of “a sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example … generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven”.[4]

Question 83

Lord Durham

Answer 83

Earl of Durham is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1833 for the prominent Whig politician and colonial official John Lambton, 1st Baron Durham. Known as “Radical Jack”, he played a leading role in the passing of the Great Reform Act of 1832. As Governor General of British North America he was the author of the famous Report on the Affairs of British North America, known in Canada as the Durham Report. Lambton had already been created Baron Durham, of the City of Durham and of Lambton Castle in the County Palatine of Durham, in 1828, and was created Viscount Lambton at the same time as he was raised to the earldom. These titles are also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

Question 84

Canadian Confederation

Answer 84

• Canadian Confederation (French: Confédération canadienne) was the process by which the British colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were united into one Dominion of Canada on July 1, 1867
• Upon confederation, the old province of Canada was divided into Ontario and Quebec; along with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the new federal state was thus composed of four provinces.[3] Over the years since Confederation, Canada has seen numerous territorial changes and expansions, resulting in the current configuration of ten provinces and three territories.

Question 85

Canada is a federation. What does this mean?

Answer 85

Canada is a federation[5] and not a confederate association of sovereign states, which “confederation” means in contemporary political theory. It is nevertheless often considered to be among the world’s more decentralized federations.[6] The use of the term Confederation arose in the Province of Canada to refer to proposals beginning in the 1850s to federate all of the British North American colonies, as opposed to only Canada West (Ontario) and Canada East (Quebec). To contemporaries of Confederation the con- prefix indicated a strengthening of the centrist principle compared to the American federation.[7]

In this Canadian context, confederation generally describes the political process that united the colonies in the 1860s, related events and the subsequent incorporation of other colonies and territories.[8] The term is now often used to describe Canada in an abstract way, such as in “the Fathers of Confederation”. Provinces and territories that became part of Canada after 1867 are also said to have joined, or entered into, confederation (but not the Confederation).[9] The term is also used to divide Canadian history into pre-Confederation (i.e. pre-1867) and post-Confederation (i.e. post-1867) periods.[10]

Question 86

Colonial Organization

Answer 86

All the former colonies and territories that became involved in the Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, were initially part of New France, and were once ruled by France.[11] Nova Scotia was granted in 1621 to Sir William Alexander under charter by James VI.[11] This claim overlapped the French claims to Acadia, and although the Scottish colony of Nova Scotia was short-lived, for political reasons, the conflicting imperial interests of France and the 18th century Great Britain led to a long and bitter struggle for control. The British acquired present-day mainland Nova Scotia by the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 and the Acadian population was expelled by the British in 1755. They called Acadia Nova Scotia, which included present-day New Brunswick.[11] The rest of New France was acquired by the British by the Treaty of Paris (1763), which ended the Seven Years’ War. From 1763 to 1791, most of New France became the Province of Quebec.[11] However, in 1769 the present-day Prince Edward Island, which had been part of Acadia, was renamed “St John’s Island” and organized as a separate colony.[12] It was renamed “Prince Edward Island” in 1798 in honour of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn.[12]

Question 87

What were the external influences that inspired the confederation?

Answer 87

In the wake of the American Revolution, an estimated 50,000 United Empire Loyalists fled to British North America.[11] The British created the separate colony of New Brunswick in 1784 for the Loyalists who settled in the western part of Nova Scotia.[15] While Nova Scotia (including New Brunswick) received slightly more than half of this influx, many Loyalists also settled in the Province of Quebec, which by the Constitutional Act of 1791 was separated into a predominantly English Upper Canada and a predominantly French Lower Canada.[16] The War of 1812 and Treaty of 1818 established the 49th parallel as the border with the United States from the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mountains in Western Canada.[17]

Question 88

What did Lord Durham do?

Answer 88

Following the Rebellions of 1837, Lord Durham in his Durham Report, recommended that Upper and Lower Canada be joined as the Province of Canada and that the new province should have a responsible government.[18] As a result of Durham’s report, the British Parliament passed the Act of Union 1840, and the Province of Canada was formed in 1841.[19] The new province was divided into two parts: Canada West (the former Upper Canada) and Canada East (the former Lower Canada).[19] Governor General Lord Elgin granted ministerial responsibility in 1848, first to Nova Scotia and then to Canada. In the following years, the British would extend responsible government to Prince Edward Island (1851), New Brunswick (1854), and Newfoundland (1855).[20]

Question 89

What was British Columbia prior to the confederation?

Answer 89

The area which constitutes modern-day British Columbia is the remnants of the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Columbia District and New Caledonia District following the Oregon Treaty. Prior to joining Canada in 1871, British Columbia consisted of the separate Colony of British Columbia (formed in 1858, in an area where the Crown had previously granted a monopoly to the Hudson’s Bay Company), and the Colony of Vancouver Island (formed in 1849) constituting a separate crown colony until it was united with the Colony of British Columbia in 1866.[21]

The remainder of modern-day Canada was made up of Rupert’s Land and the North-Western Territory (both of which were controlled by the Hudson’s Bay Company and sold to Canada in 1870) and the Arctic Islands, which were under direct British control and became a part of Canada in 1880.[22]

Question 89

Influences leading to Confederation

Answer 89

There were several factors that influenced Confederation, both caused from internal sources and pressures from external sources.[26][27][28]

Internal causes that influenced Confederation
political deadlock resulting from the current political structure
demographic pressure (population expansion)
economic nationalism and the promise of economic development
an inter-colony railroad which would improve trade, military movement, and transportation in general
External pressures that influenced Confederation
cancellation of the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty (a free trade policy whereby products were allowed into the United States without taxes or tariffs starting in 1854, which was then considered to be beneficial for Canada), in 1865 by the United States, partly as a revenge against Great Britain for unofficial support of the South in the American Civil War
the U.S. doctrine of Manifest Destiny, the possible threat of invasion from the U.S.—Canadians had fended off American invasions during the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812—increased by the Alaska Purchase of 1867, which was supported on the floor of the U.S. Senate (by Charles Sumner, among others) precisely in terms of taking over the remainder of North America from the British
the American Civil War, which horrified Canadians and drove many away from any thought of republicanism, along with British actions during the war, and American reactions to Canada
the Fenian raids
the Little Englander philosophy, whereby Britain no longer wanted to maintain troops in its colonies.
political pressure from British financiers who had invested money in the loss-making Grand Trunk Railway
The Trent Affair

Question 89

External influences that led to confederation:

Answer 89

External pressures that influenced Confederation
cancellation of the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty (a free trade policy whereby products were allowed into the United States without taxes or tariffs starting in 1854, which was then considered to be beneficial for Canada), in 1865 by the United States, partly as a revenge against Great Britain for unofficial support of the South in the American Civil War
the U.S. doctrine of Manifest Destiny, the possible threat of invasion from the U.S.—Canadians had fended off American invasions during the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812—increased by the Alaska Purchase of 1867, which was supported on the floor of the U.S. Senate (by Charles Sumner, among others) precisely in terms of taking over the remainder of North America from the British
the American Civil War, which horrified Canadians and drove many away from any thought of republicanism, along with British actions during the war, and American reactions to Canada
the Fenian raids
the Little Englander philosophy, whereby Britain no longer wanted to maintain troops in its colonies.
political pressure from British financiers who had invested money in the loss-making Grand Trunk Railway
The Trent Affair

Question 90

Internal influences that led to Internal confederation:

Answer 90

Internal causes that influenced Confederation
political deadlock resulting from the current political structure
demographic pressure (population expansion)
economic nationalism and the promise of economic development
an inter-colony railroad which would improve trade, military movement, and transportation in general

Question 90

Charlottetown Conference

Answer 90

• In the spring of 1864, New Brunswick premier Samuel Leonard Tilley, Nova Scotia premier Charles Tupper, and Prince Edward Island premier John Hamilton Gray were contemplating the idea of a Maritime Union which would join their three colonies together.
• The Premier of the Province of Canada John A. Macdonald surprised the Atlantic premiers by asking if the Province of Canada could be included in the negotiations. The request was channelled through the Governor-General, Monck, to London and accepted by the Colonial Office.[36] After several years of legislative paralysis in the Province of Canada caused by the need to maintain a double legislative majority (a majority of both the Canada East and Canada West delegates in the Province of Canada’s legislature), Macdonald had led his Liberal-Conservative Party into the Great Coalition with George-Étienne Cartier’s Parti bleu and George Brown’s Clear Grits.[37] Macdonald, Cartier, and Brown felt that union with the other British colonies might be a way to solve the political problems of the Province of Canada.
• The Charlottetown Conference began on September 1, 1864. Since the agenda for the meeting had already been set, the delegation from the Province of Canada was initially not an official part of the Conference. The issue of Maritime Union was deferred and the Canadians were formally allowed to join and address the Conference.[38]

No minutes from the Charlottetown Conference survive, but we do know that George-Étienne Cartier and John A. Macdonald presented arguments in favour of a union of the three colonies;[39] Alexander Tilloch Galt presented the Province of Canada’s proposals on the financial arrangements of such a union;[39] and that George Brown presented a proposal for what form a united government might take.[40] The Canadian delegation’s proposal for the governmental system involved:

preservation of ties with Great Britain;
residual jurisdiction left to a central authority;
a bicameral system including a Lower House with representation by population (rep by pop) and an Upper House with representation based on regional, rather than provincial, equality;
responsible government at the federal and provincial levels;
the appointment of a governor general by the British Crown.
Other proposals attractive to the politicians from the Maritime colonies were:

assumption of provincial debt by the central government;[41]
revenues from the central government apportioned to the provinces on the basis of population;[41]
the building of an intercolonial railway to link Montreal and Halifax, giving Canada access to an ice-free winter port and the Maritimes easy access to Canada and Rupert’s Land.[42]
By September 7, 1864, the delegates from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island gave a positive answer to the Canadian delegation, expressing the view that the federation of all of the provinces was considered desirable if the terms of union could be made satisfactory[43] and the question of Maritime Union was waived.[40]

After the Conference adjourned on September 9, there were further meetings between delegates held at Halifax, Saint John, and Fredericton.[44][45] These meetings evinced enough interest that it was decided to hold a second Conference.

Question 90

.Charlottetown Conference.

Answer 90

The Charlottetown Conference began on September 1, 1864. Since the agenda for the meeting had already been set, the delegation from the Province of Canada was initially not an official part of the Conference. The issue of Maritime Union was deferred and the Canadians were formally allowed to join and address the Conference.[38]

No minutes from the Charlottetown Conference survive, but we do know that George-Étienne Cartier and John A. Macdonald presented arguments in favour of a union of the three colonies;[39] Alexander Tilloch Galt presented the Province of Canada’s proposals on the financial arrangements of such a union;[39] and that George Brown presented a proposal for what form a united government might take.[40] The Canadian delegation’s proposal for the governmental system involved:

preservation of ties with Great Britain;
residual jurisdiction left to a central authority;
a bicameral system including a Lower House with representation by population (rep by pop) and an Upper House with representation based on regional, rather than provincial, equality;
responsible government at the federal and provincial levels;
the appointment of a governor general by the British Crown.
Other proposals attractive to the politicians from the Maritime colonies were:

assumption of provincial debt by the central government;[41]
revenues from the central government apportioned to the provinces on the basis of population;[41]
the building of an intercolonial railway to link Montreal and Halifax, giving Canada access to an ice-free winter port and the Maritimes easy access to Canada and Rupert’s Land.[42]
By September 7, 1864, the delegates from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island gave a positive answer to the Canadian delegation, expressing the view that the federation of all of the provinces was considered desirable if the terms of union could be made satisfactory[43] and the question of Maritime Union was waived.[40]

After the Conference adjourned on September 9, there were further meetings between delegates held at Halifax, Saint John, and Fredericton.[44][45] These meetings evinced enough interest that it was decided to hold a second Conference.

Question 90

Delegates reactions at Charlottetown conference

Answer 90

One of the most important purposes of the Charlottetown Conference was the introduction of Canadians to the leaders from the Maritime Provinces and vice versa. At this point there was no railway link from Quebec City to Halifax, and the people of each region had little to do with one another. D’Arcy McGee was one of the few Canadian delegates who had been to the Maritimes, when he had gone down earlier that summer with a trade mission of Canadian businessmen, journalists and politicians.[46]

George Brown remarked in a letter to his wife Anne that at a party given by the premier of PEI, Colonel John Hamilton Gray, he met a woman who had never been off the island in her entire life. Nevertheless, he found Prince Edward Islanders to be “amazingly civilized”.[47]

Question 90

Charlottetowntown: press and popular reaction

Answer 90

Reaction to the Charlottetown Conference varied among the different newspapers. In the Maritimes there was concern that the smooth Canadians with their sparkling champagne and charming speeches were outsmarting the delegates of the smaller provinces. “From all accounts it looks as if these [Canadian] gentlemen had it all their own way;nbsp;… and that, what with their arguments and what with their blandishments, (they gave a champagne lunch on board the Victoria where Mr. McGee’s wit sparkled brightly as the wine), they carried the Lower Province delegates a little off their feet.”[48]

Question 90

Quebec Conference

Answer 90

After returning home from the Charlottetown Conference, John A. Macdonald asked Viscount Monck, the Governor General of the Province of Canada to invite delegates from the three Maritime provinces and Newfoundland to a conference with United Canada delegates. Monck obliged and the Conference went ahead at Quebec City in October 1864.eturning home from the Charlottetown Conference, John A. Macdonald asked Viscount Monck, the Governor General of the Province of Canada to invite delegates from the three Maritime provinces and Newfoundland to a conference with United Canada delegates. Monck obliged and the Conference went ahead at Quebec City in October 1864.

The Conference began on October 10, 1864, on the site of present-day Montmorency Park.[49] The Conference elected Étienne-Paschal Taché as its chairman, but it was dominated by Macdonald. Despite differences in the positions of some of the delegates on some issues, the Quebec Conference, following so swiftly on the success of the Charlottetown Conference, was infused with a determinative sense of purpose and nationalism.[50] For the Reformers of Canada West, led by George Brown, the end of what they perceived as French-Canadian interference in local affairs was in sight.[51] For Maritimers such as Tupper of Nova Scotia or Tilley of New Brunswick, horizons were suddenly broadened to take in much larger possibilities for trade and growth.[51]

On the issue of the Senate, the Maritime Provinces pressed for as much equality as possible. With the addition of Newfoundland to the Conference, the other three Maritime colonies did not wish to see the strength of their provinces in the upper chamber diluted by simply adding Newfoundland to the Atlantic category.[52] It was the matter of the Senate that threatened to derail the entire proceedings.[53] It was Macdonald who came up with the acceptable compromise of giving Newfoundland four senators of its own when it joined.[54]

The delegates from the Maritimes also raised an issue with respect to the level of government—federal or provincial—that would be given the powers not otherwise specifically defined. Macdonald, who was aiming for the strongest central government possible, insisted that this was to be the central government, and in this he was supported by, among others, Tupper.[55]

At the end of the Conference, it adopted the Seventy-two Resolutions which would form the basis of a scheduled future conference. The Conference adjourned on October 27.

Prince Edward Island emerged disappointed from the Quebec Conference. It did not receive support for a guarantee of six members in the proposed House of Commons, and was denied an appropriation of $200,000 that it felt had been offered at Charlottetown to assist in buying out the holdings of absentee landlords.[56]

Question 91

Quebec Conference: Press and popular reaction

Answer 91

“Never was there such an opportunity as now for the birth of a nation” proclaimed a pamphlet written by S. E. Dawson and reprinted in a Quebec City newspaper during the Conference.[54]

Again, reaction to the Quebec Conference varied depending on the political views of the critic.

Question 92

London Conference

Answer 92

Following the Quebec Conference, the Province of Canada’s legislature passed a bill approving the union. The union proved more controversial in the Maritime provinces, however, and it was not until 1866 that New Brunswick and Nova Scotia passed union resolutions, while Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland continued to opt against joining.

In December 1866, sixteen delegates from the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia travelled to London, where Queen Victoria received each in private audience, as well as holding court for their wives and daughters.[57] At meetings held at the Westminster Palace Hotel, the delegates reviewed and approved the 72 resolutions; although Charles Tupper had promised anti-union forces in Nova Scotia that he would push for amendments, he was unsuccessful in getting any passed. Now known as the London Resolutions, the conference’s decisions were forwarded to the Colonial Office.

After breaking for Christmas, the delegates reconvened in January 1867 and began drafting the British North America Act. They agreed that the new country should be called Canada, that Canada East should be renamed Quebec and that Canada West should be renamed Ontario.[58] There was, however, heated debate about how the new country should be designated. Ultimately, the delegates elected to call the new country the Dominion of Canada, after “kingdom” and “confederation”, among other options, were rejected for various reasons. The term dominion was allegedly suggested by Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley.[59]

The delegates had completed their draft of the British North America Act by February 1867. The Act was presented to Queen Victoria on February 11, 1867. The bill was introduced in the House of Lords the next day. The bill was quickly approved by the House of Lords, and then also quickly approved by the British House of Commons. (The Conservative Lord Derby was prime minister of the United Kingdom at the time.) The Act received royal assent on March 29, 1867, and set July 1, 1867, as the date for union.[60]

In December 1866, sixteen delegates from the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia travelled to London, where Queen Victoria received each in private audience, as well as holding court for their wives and daughters.[57] At meetings held at the Westminster Palace Hotel, the delegates reviewed and approved the 72 resolutions; although Charles Tupper had promised anti-union forces in Nova Scotia that he would push for amendments, he was unsuccessful in getting any passed. Now known as the London Resolutions, the conference’s decisions were forwarded to the Colonial Office.

After breaking for Christmas, the delegates reconvened in January 1867 and began drafting the British North America Act. They agreed that the new country should be called Canada, that Canada East should be renamed Quebec and that Canada West should be renamed Ontario.[58] There was, however, heated debate about how the new country should be designated. Ultimately, the delegates elected to call the new country the Dominion of Canada, after “kingdom” and “confederation”, among other options, were rejected for various reasons. The term dominion was allegedly suggested by Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley.[59]

The delegates had completed their draft of the British North America Act by February 1867. The Act was presented to Queen Victoria on February 11, 1867. The bill was introduced in the House of Lords the next day. The bill was quickly approved by the House of Lords, and then also quickly approved by the British House of Commons. (The Conservative Lord Derby was prime minister of the United Kingdom at the time.) The Act received royal assent on March 29, 1867, and set July 1, 1867, as the date for union.[60]

Question 93

British North America Acts

Answer 93

The form of government chosen is regarded as having created a federation that is a kingdom in its own right.[63][64][65] John A. Macdonald had spoken of “founding a great British monarchy” and wanted the newly created country to be called the “Kingdom of Canada”.[66] Although it had its monarch in London, the Colonial Office opposed as “premature” and “pretentious” the term “kingdom”, as it was felt it might antagonize the United States. The term dominion was chosen to indicate Canada’s status as a self-governing polity of the British Empire, the first time it was used in reference to a country.

While the BNA Act eventually resulted in Canada having more autonomy than it had before, it was far from full independence from the United Kingdom. According to the Supreme Court of Canada, Canadian “sovereignty was acquired in the period between its separate signature of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and the Statute of Westminster, 1931” long after Confederation in 1867.[67] Defence of British North America became a Canadian responsibility.[68] Foreign policy remained in British hands, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council remained Canada’s highest court of appeal, and the constitution could be amended only in Britain. Gradually, Canada gained more autonomy, and in 1931, obtained almost full autonomy within the British Commonwealth with the Statute of Westminster. Because the provinces of Canada were unable to agree on a constitutional amending formula, this power remained with the British Parliament. In 1982, the constitution was patriated when Elizabeth II gave her royal assent to the Canada Act 1982. The Constitution of Canada is made up of a number of codified acts and uncodified traditions; one of the principal documents is the Constitution Act, 1982, which renamed the BNA Act 1867 to Constitution Act, 1867.[69]

Question 94

Results of the confederation proposal/debate:

Answer 94

Dominion elections were held in August and September to elect the first Parliament, and the four new provinces’ governments recommended the 72 individuals (24 each for Quebec and Ontario, 12 each for New Brunswick and Nova Scotia) who would sit in the Senate.[70]

The Anti-Confederation Party won 18 out of 19 federal Nova Scotia seats in September 1867, and in the Nova Scotia provincial election of 1868, 36 out of 38 seats in the legislature. For seven years, William Annand and Joseph Howe led the ultimately unsuccessful fight to convince British imperial authorities to release Nova Scotia from Confederation. The government was vocally against Confederation, contending that it was no more than the annexation of the province to the pre-existing province of Canada.[71]