Ch.14 Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of cell deaths

A

Program

Injury

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2
Q

Cell death and cell proliferation are balanced throughout the life of?

A

Multicellular organisms

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3
Q

Why programmed cell death?

A
  1. Balance prolifiration
  2. Eliminate damage cells
  3. Eliminate virus infected cells
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4
Q

Apoptosis

A
An active process of programmed cell death, characterized by:
Cleavage of chromosomal DNA
Chromatin condensation
Fragmentation of the nucleus
Fragmentation of the cell
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5
Q

How do you stop the transcription if you want to kill the cell?

A

By killing chromosomal DNA

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6
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating is the ingestion of large particles such as bacteria.
During phagocytosis, cells engulf large particles such as bacteria, cell debris, or other intact cells.

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7
Q

3 types of gene required for apoptosis:

A

Ced-3, ced-4, and ced-9

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8
Q

Caspases

A

Are protease and are the ultimate affectors or executioners of programmed cell death, bringing about the events of apoptosis by cleaving nearly 100 different cell target proteins.

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9
Q

All Caspase are synthesized as inactive precursors that can be converted to the active form by….

A

Proteolytic cleavage

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10
Q

Who controls caspase activation(cleavage)?

A

Other Caspase

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11
Q

Apootosome

A

Is a protein complex in which Caspase-9 is activated to initiate apoptosis following the release of cytochrome c from mitocondria.

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12
Q

Ced-9

A

An oncogene inhibiting apoptosis

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13
Q

Ced-3

A

Caspase

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14
Q

Ced-4

A

Apaf-1

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15
Q

3 functional groups of bcl-2?

A
  1. antiapoptotic-bcl-2 protein(ced-9)
  2. proapoptotic- multidomain
  3. proapoptotic- BH3 only (Noxa, puma)
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16
Q

Cell’s death or life depends on..

A

Proapoptotic and antiapoptotic of bcl-2 family

17
Q

P53

A

Is a transcription factor that arrests the cell cycle in G1 in response to damaged DNA and is required for apoptosis induced by a variety of stimuli.

18
Q

Role of p53 in DNA damage-induced apoptosis

A
  1. Hold cell cycle to allow cell to repair damage

2. It can transcribe puma/Noxa members to BCR family.

19
Q

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

A

Polypeptide growth factor that induced programmed cell death

20
Q

How do cell death receptor signal apoptosis?

A

By directly activating an initiator Caspase

21
Q

What happens during apoptosis?

A

DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, fragmentation of nucleus,fragmentation of cell.

22
Q

Most cells in adult animals are arrested in which stage?

A

G0

23
Q

What is stem cell?

A
  • Found in all multi-cellular organisms
  • they retain the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and can differentiate into a diverse range of specializing cell types.
24
Q

What are the unique properties of stem cells?

A
  • capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods
  • they are unspecialized
  • they can give rise to specialized cell types
25
Q

Embryonic stem cells (ES cells):

A
  • Stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of an early stage embryo
  • able to differentiate into all types of cells in the adult body.
  • more specialized
  • can make every part of your body
26
Q

Adult stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells found throughout the body after embryonic development that divide to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues.

27
Q

What are the similarities and differences between embryonic and adult stem cells?

A

Adult and embryonic stem cell differ in the number and type of differentiated cell typed they can become

  • ES cells can become all cell types of body because they are pluripotent
  • adult stem cells are generally limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin.
  • adult stem cell plasticity may exist, increasing the number of cell types a given adult stem cell can become.
28
Q

Totipotent

A

Cell has the potential to divide an produce all the differentiated cells in an organism, including extraembryonic tissues.

29
Q

Pluripotent

A

Stem cells can give rise to any fetal or adult cell type. However, alone they can not develop into a fetal or adult animal because they lack the potential to contribute to extraembryonic tissue, such as the placenta.

30
Q

Multipotent

A

Cell can give rise to several other cell types, but those typed are limited in number.
Ex: hematopoietic

31
Q

Progenitor

A

Cells are refer to immature or undifferentiated cells, the term Is far less restrictive.

32
Q

Plasticity

A

Ability of stem cells from one tissue be able to differentiate into cells give rise to other tissues.

33
Q

A bone marrow transplantation is..

A

A clinical procedure in which transplantation of bone marrow stem cells is used in the treatment of cancer and disease of hematopoietic system.

34
Q

Epithelial stem cells

A

Clinical application in the form of skin grafts that are used to treat patients with burn, wound, and ulcers

35
Q

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

Basic procedure of animal cloning in which the nucleus of an adult somatic cell is transferred to an enucleated egg

36
Q

Primary goal of stem cell research is..

A

To identify how undifferentiated stem cells become differentiated. Turning genes is central role to this process.

37
Q

Direct cell conversion

A

Transdifferentiation(does not involve stem cell)