Ch.14

Question 1

2 types of cell deaths

Answer 1

Program

Injury

Question 2

Cell death and cell proliferation are balanced throughout the life of?

Answer 2

Multicellular organisms

Question 3

Why programmed cell death?

Answer 3

1. Balance prolifiration
2. Eliminate damage cells
3. Eliminate virus infected cells

Question 4

Apoptosis

Answer 4

An active process of programmed cell death, characterized by:
Cleavage of chromosomal DNA
Chromatin condensation
Fragmentation of the nucleus
Fragmentation of the cell

Question 5

How do you stop the transcription if you want to kill the cell?

Answer 5

By killing chromosomal DNA

Question 6

Phagocytosis

Answer 6

Cell eating is the ingestion of large particles such as bacteria.
During phagocytosis, cells engulf large particles such as bacteria, cell debris, or other intact cells.

Question 7

3 types of gene required for apoptosis:

Answer 7

Ced-3, ced-4, and ced-9

Question 8

Caspases

Answer 8

Are protease and are the ultimate affectors or executioners of programmed cell death, bringing about the events of apoptosis by cleaving nearly 100 different cell target proteins.

Question 9

All Caspase are synthesized as inactive precursors that can be converted to the active form by….

Answer 9

Proteolytic cleavage

Question 10

Who controls caspase activation(cleavage)?

Answer 10

Other Caspase

Question 11

Apootosome

Answer 11

Is a protein complex in which Caspase-9 is activated to initiate apoptosis following the release of cytochrome c from mitocondria.

Question 12

Ced-9

Answer 12

An oncogene inhibiting apoptosis

Question 13

Ced-3

Answer 13

Caspase

Question 14

Ced-4

Answer 14

Apaf-1

Question 15

3 functional groups of bcl-2?

Answer 15

1. antiapoptotic-bcl-2 protein(ced-9)
2. proapoptotic- multidomain
3. proapoptotic- BH3 only (Noxa, puma)

Question 16

Cell’s death or life depends on..

Answer 16

Proapoptotic and antiapoptotic of bcl-2 family

Question 17

P53

Answer 17

Is a transcription factor that arrests the cell cycle in G1 in response to damaged DNA and is required for apoptosis induced by a variety of stimuli.

Question 18

Role of p53 in DNA damage-induced apoptosis

Answer 18

1. Hold cell cycle to allow cell to repair damage

2. It can transcribe puma/Noxa members to BCR family.

Question 19

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Answer 19

Polypeptide growth factor that induced programmed cell death

Question 20

How do cell death receptor signal apoptosis?

Answer 20

By directly activating an initiator Caspase

Question 21

What happens during apoptosis?

Answer 21

DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, fragmentation of nucleus,fragmentation of cell.

Question 22

Most cells in adult animals are arrested in which stage?

Answer 22

G0

Question 23

What is stem cell?

Answer 23

• Found in all multi-cellular organisms
• they retain the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and can differentiate into a diverse range of specializing cell types.

Question 24

What are the unique properties of stem cells?

Answer 24

• capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods
• they are unspecialized
• they can give rise to specialized cell types

Question 25

Embryonic stem cells (ES cells):

Answer 25

- Stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of an early stage embryo - able to differentiate into all types of cells in the adult body. - more specialized - can make every part of your body

Question 26

Adult stem cells

Answer 26

Undifferentiated cells found throughout the body after embryonic development that divide to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues.

Question 27

What are the similarities and differences between embryonic and adult stem cells?

Answer 27

Adult and embryonic stem cell differ in the number and type of differentiated cell typed they can become - ES cells can become all cell types of body because they are pluripotent - adult stem cells are generally limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin. - adult stem cell plasticity may exist, increasing the number of cell types a given adult stem cell can become.

Question 28

Totipotent

Answer 28

Cell has the potential to divide an produce all the differentiated cells in an organism, including extraembryonic tissues.

Question 29

Pluripotent

Answer 29

Stem cells can give rise to any fetal or adult cell type. However, alone they can not develop into a fetal or adult animal because they lack the potential to contribute to extraembryonic tissue, such as the placenta.

Question 30

Multipotent

Answer 30

Cell can give rise to several other cell types, but those typed are limited in number. Ex: hematopoietic

Question 31

Progenitor

Answer 31

Cells are refer to immature or undifferentiated cells, the term Is far less restrictive.

Question 32

Plasticity

Answer 32

Ability of stem cells from one tissue be able to differentiate into cells give rise to other tissues.

Question 33

A bone marrow transplantation is..

Answer 33

A clinical procedure in which transplantation of bone marrow stem cells is used in the treatment of cancer and disease of hematopoietic system.

Question 34

Epithelial stem cells

Answer 34

Clinical application in the form of skin grafts that are used to treat patients with burn, wound, and ulcers

Question 35

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

Answer 35

Basic procedure of animal cloning in which the nucleus of an adult somatic cell is transferred to an enucleated egg

Question 36

Primary goal of stem cell research is..

Answer 36

To identify how undifferentiated stem cells become differentiated. Turning genes is central role to this process.

Question 37

Direct cell conversion

Answer 37

Transdifferentiation(does not involve stem cell)