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Lifespan Development > CH.14,15,16 > Flashcards

CH.14,15,16 Flashcards

1
Q

Society designates adulthood at what age?

A

18-end of life

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2
Q

Age 20-40. Optimal physical function and intellectual reasoning

A

Early (young) Adulthood

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3
Q

Normal age-related changes in physical functioning begins Ages 40-65

A

Middle Adulthood

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4
Q

Normal age- related changes, chronic illness & disease can compound changes. Ages (65 & up)

A

Late Adulthood

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5
Q

In 2000, average life expectancy for baby born in the US was..

A

74.1 Males 79.5 Females

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6
Q

Bone loss ______ after menopause due to ________ estrogen.

A

accelerates. decreasing.

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7
Q

Bone loss that exceeds that of “normal” aging

A

Osteoporosis

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8
Q

True/ False Prior to Menopause women lose ~1% bone mass per year Men lose .5% per year

A

true

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9
Q

Acts as a shock absorber b/w joints

A

cartilage

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10
Q

provides surface for the sliding and rolling b/w joints

plays essential role for bone growth and development

A

Cartilage

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11
Q

With aging cartilage _____ and ____ is disrupted

A

Lubrication and nutrition

-resulting in dehydration, poor nutrition, and increased degradation of weight bearing surfaces

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12
Q

With aging in cartilage ______ and _____occurs

A
  • Thinning: especially articular cartilage, crack, fray, shred by 30
  • Crystal formation and calcification: increase friction with joint movement & contribute to osteoarthritis
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13
Q

Muscle Atrophy: app. __% of muscle strength will be lost b/w ages 50-70

A

30%

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14
Q

Age related decline in muscle mass and thereby muscle strength

A

Sarcopenia

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15
Q

Decrease in knee extension strength beginning in what decades

A

3rd and 4th (20s and 30s)

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16
Q

Middle aged and older men and women can benefit from…

A

resistance training/strength training

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17
Q

Changes in neuromuscular innervation and ability to activate existing muscles may lead to…

A

decrease muscle strength in older adults

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18
Q

ages 40-65, period in which physiologic effects of aging begin

A

middle adulthood

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19
Q

Compounded by sedentary lifestyle adopted

A

Middle Adulthood

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20
Q

Sedentary Lifestyle:

A

Middle Adulthood: time demands of work and family contribute to lack of exercise= weight gain
-taking care of self less priority

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21
Q

Energy requirements decline after age _

A
  1. intake not usually decreased enough; this along with normal age related changes result in weight gain
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22
Q

Changes being at age __ with a decrease in ___ vision happening in everyone.

A

age 40. near vision

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23
Q

Two changes in the eye take place
External:
Internal:

A

External: increased wrinkling, decrease tear secretion
Internal: corneal changes

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24
Q

Condition where the lens of the eye become opaque

A

cataracts

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25
Q

Vision Decreases:

A
  • lens transparency
  • amount of light contacting the eye
  • number of macular neurons
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26
Q

Causes problems with accommodation

A

Presbyopia

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27
Q
  • image focused on the retina. deterioration of ciliary muscle action
  • increase sensitivity to light and glare
A

Accommodation

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28
Q

Buildup of cerumen within the ear, causing impaction and diminished hearing/ buildup of earwax

A

Conductive hearing loss

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29
Q

Degeneration of auditory vestibular (balance) and supporting hair cells 4th decade (30s)

A

Sensorineural Hearing

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30
Q

Affects sensitivity to sound, speech comprehension, and maintenance of equilibrium

A

Sensorineural Hearing

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31
Q

Functional hearing loss in ___% of adults at the end of ___

A

25% at the end of middle adulthood (65 yrs)

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32
Q

Decline in olfaction and changes in taste buds may lead to a decrease in ____ of food, resulting in either ______ or ______

A

decrease in the enjoyment of food, resulting in overeating, or malnutrition (can’t taste keep eating/ grazing to satisfy)

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33
Q

Ability to process novel information (new information)

A

fluid intelligence

fluid intelligence peaks at age 20 then progressively declines

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34
Q

Ability to apply knowledge gained over time and by experience

A

Crystallized intellegence

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35
Q

_____ Intelligence improves throughout middle adulthood and older adulthood

A

Crystallized Intellegence

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36
Q

Incorporates skills that are practiced and automatic

-ability to type, play instrument,

A

Implicit memory

less affected in adulthood than explicit

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37
Q

knowledge about the world and facts and figures that can be detailed verbally
ex. memorizing muscle attachments

A

Explicit memory

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38
Q

where past events are associated with present events

-declines with age due to not retaining or manipulating information (new)

A

Working memory

forgotten more quickly

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39
Q

Four primary forms of occupation in adulthood

A
  • work
  • play
  • leisure
  • self care
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40
Q

Who experience highest levels of stress

A

Youngest adults (18-40)

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41
Q

Stress associated with increased blood levels of homocyteine

A

Homocyteine: chemical associated with the development of heart disease

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42
Q

Self Care: Health management

A

Routines for physical fitness, nutrition, decreasing health risk behaviors and medication

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43
Q

Biggest health concerns in middle age (40-65)

A

cardiovascular disease and cancer

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44
Q

Leading cause of death for men and women in middle and young adulthood

A

cardiovascular disease

hypertension increases risk of cardiovascular disease

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45
Q
  • poorly defined goals
  • likes to compete constantly
  • desire for recognition
  • mental and physical alertness
  • in control
  • cynical
  • “monica from friends”
A

Type A

heart disease

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46
Q
  • anxious
  • supresses emotions
  • fatigued
  • distressed personality
  • high risk of CHD
  • negative attitude
  • distressed personality
  • highest risk type
A

Type D

heart attack

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47
Q

relates to a multitude of diseases involving uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells that invade healthy normal tissue and may result in death

A

cancer

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48
Q

According to the american cancer society

_ out of 10 americans develop cancer at some point of their lives

A

4

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49
Q

77% of cancers are diagnosed in individuals ages..

A

55 and older

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50
Q

Prevalence greater for prostate cancer but

A

morbidity greater in breast cancer

more cases of prostate, but more people dying of breast cancer

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51
Q

1 out of 10 males develop this cancer

african americans are twice as likely to die

A

prostate cancer

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52
Q

Personality type is more likely to develop cancer

A

Type C

Belief that unexpressive negative emotion weaken the immune system

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53
Q

Healthy with a decreased risk for cancer

A

Type B

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54
Q
  • optimistic
  • healthy
  • capable of meeting own needs and others
  • self supportive
  • enthusiastic
  • active
A

Type B

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55
Q
  • Suppresses Emotions
  • repressed
  • self sacrificing
  • helpless
  • fatigued and depressed
  • higher cancer risk
A

Type C

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56
Q

parents of their own children and adult child of a parent (caring for parents and children at same time)

A

Sand which generation

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57
Q

Stevens and Commons
Low point in martial satisfaction
high alcoholism
heightened awareness of aging

A

Midlife Crisis

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58
Q

thought experiencing “midlife crisis” really was experiencing

A

“stressful life events”

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59
Q

truely experiencing midlife crisis

A
  • reality of aging

- passage of time

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60
Q

Transition to adulthood

career selection, mate selection, and assumption of community responsibilities

A

Ages 16-24

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61
Q

Major life decisions are made without much life experience upon which to base them

A

Transition to adulthood

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62
Q

Peak physical status and optimal health

A

Ages 19- 26

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63
Q

college students believe they personally would probably never have health problems, regardless of health-compromising behaviors

A

they understand what constitutes healthy behaviors. “will not happen to me”

64
Q

High risk behaviors 19-26

A

Risky sexual behavior

alcohol and drug abuse

65
Q

Many young adults push bodies too far because

A

can bounce back from stress & exertion

66
Q

Risk taking behavior in transition years

A

Alcohol consumption and heavy drinking highest

Highest percentage of traumatic spinal cord injuries and traumatic brain injuries

67
Q

Youths lacking role models and productive daily routines more likely to use and abuse

A

alcohol and drugs

68
Q

15- 24 being highest risk
higher males than females
motor vehicle accidents, falls, violence

A

spinal cord injuries and traumatic brain injuries

69
Q

hypothesis that a childhood history of physical abuse predisposes a person to violence in later years. victims higher chance of becoming violent

A

theory of the cycle of violence

70
Q

Childhood experiences such as sexual abuse, serious illness of a close person, or major loss events can adversely impact

A

development of mature coping skills and emotional strength

71
Q

peak cognitive development and intellectual efficiency

A

Young adulthood

72
Q

Foundation for abstract reasoning and mature coping

A

Young adulthood

73
Q

____look for absolute truth, while ___ consider problem in the context by which it is presented

A

Adolescents / adults

74
Q

Ability to think in a manner less constrained by the need to find a single answer
Transition from hypothetical to pragmatic (realistic, practical) thought

A

young adulthood

75
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Different areas of brain mature at different rates (seen on MRI)

A

True

76
Q

Differences in frontal lobe maturation between adolescents and adults may help explain differences in judgment, degree of impulsivity, coping skills, and problem-solving ability

A

Difference in myelination Prefrontal cortex matures at 24.

77
Q

Ginzberg’s

Fantasy period

A

early and middle childhood

“want to be ballerina, doctor like mommy”

78
Q

Ginzberg

Tentative period

A

adolescence, consider skills, expense

Don’t like science then shouldnt be a doctor

79
Q

Realistic career exploration

A

Late adolescence

part time job, volunteer work

80
Q

Experimentation period

A

young adult, career category

get a job in general field ex. health care field

81
Q

Crystallization

A

vocational choice w/in category

82
Q

Holland’s personality type theory

A

Emphasizes the notion of “fit” between personality and career selection
Useful for career and guidance counselors

83
Q

Hollands

  • investigative
  • social- women
  • realistic
  • artistic- women
  • conventional enterprising- women
A
  • police, scientist
  • healthcare, mental health counselor
  • mechanics, plumbers
  • writing, music, art
  • bankers, lawyers
84
Q

Sexual activity identified as ADL

True or False

A

True

85
Q

True or Flase:Variety of sexual orientations not considered abnormal

A

True

86
Q

Manner in which partner is chosen and roles of participating individuals is influenced by

A

culture and social class

87
Q

Lower s-e class marry

A

younger than middle class

88
Q

Steps leading to marriage

A

Dating, courtship, and engagement

89
Q 
Feelings of powerlessness
Passive-aggression
Neuroticism
Suspicion 
Chemical abuse
A

Characteristics of unsuccessful marriage

90
Q

serves a period where at least one couple is is considering marriage, values, religious beliefs, family relationships and long term goals are considered prior to engagement

A

Courtship

91
Q
  • allow ind. to learn more about himself or herself
  • identify persons compatible with own goals values and personality
  • develop personal interest
  • lays out groundwork
  • enhances status
A

Dating

92
Q
  • strengthens the relationship
  • refines one’s own social world through union of two families
  • preparation of married life
  • in depth assessment of compatibility
A

Engagement

93
Q

Depression
Borderline pathologies
Hostility, defensiveness, and aggression

A

Characteristics of unsuccessful marriages

94
Q

Divorce rate in the United States hovers over

A

50%

95
Q

Predictors of relationship low satisfaction

A

HIGH alcohol consumption

sexual abuse in childhood

96
Q

Can be rooted in positive factors, such as focus on career, or negative factors, such as insecurity or fear of intimacy

A

Deciding not to get married

97
Q

Cohabitating relatively common in Western society, especially same sex couples

A

no formal marriage

same sex- not legally recognized

98
Q

Desirable and undesirable parenting practices perpetuated

A

Decision to have children

99
Q
  • experiencing stimulation and fun child adds to life
  • giving and receiving warmth and affection
  • accepted as a responsible mature member of community
  • carry on after one’s death
  • sense of accomplishment helping child grow
  • add meaning to life
  • having offspring to add income to family resources
A

advantages of parenting

100
Q
  • loss of freedom
  • financial strain
  • worries child health, safety, well being
  • bringing child plagued in a world of crime war and pollution
  • child will turn out badly with no one to blame
A

Disadvantage of parenting

101
Q

born between 1946 and 1964

A

Baby Boomers

30% of population

102
Q

Fastest growing segment of population is

A

OVER 85 age group

103
Q

Study ran in 1997 using twins
it demonstrated that twins reared apart share less than 35% inheritability of lifespan
Environment and lifestyle accounted for the 65% observed variance

A

Finch and Tanzi

104
Q

Rowe & Kahn 3 components of successful aging

A
  • Low probability of disease and disease-related disability
  • High cognitive and physical functional capacity
  • Active engagement with life
105
Q

oExercise and activity delays and diminishes almost all age related changes to

A

Cardiovascular and pulmonary system

106
Q
  • delays changes to musculoskeletal system
  • keeping or increasing flexibility and mobility
  • decreasing the amount of bone mineral loss
A

Exercise

107
Q
  • supports healthy cartilage by increasing nutritional fluid exchange
  • decreasing risk of vertebral compression fractures through practicing spinal extension
A

Exercise

108
Q
  • bone mineral content
  • cartilage water content
  • flexibility(20-30% loss AROM)
  • stability and mobility
A

Decrease with normal aging

109
Q

fight mineral loss

A

Resistive exercise or therapy

110
Q

decrease risk of vertebral compression fractures

A

weight training

111
Q

Exercise reduces all declines in metabolic category except

A

Total body water content in metabolic system

112
Q

Age Related Cardiovascular Changes

A

Increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure

113
Q

The two most prevalent cardiovascular diseases associated with age

A

Hypertension and Coronary artery Disease

114
Q
  • Increase in vascular stiffness
  • Increase in arterial wall thickness
  • Less blood able to exit the heart
A

High Blood pressure and aging

115
Q

Pulmonary System declines around age

A

age 60

116
Q

Changes of the pulmonary System usually does not have a noticeable effect on function until

A

8th decade (70’s)

117
Q

Beginning at the age of 30

Increase of body fat with decrease of lean body mass. This can cause:

A
  • decrease in Basal Metabolic Rate

- energy requirements to decline= more weight gain

118
Q

Body changes cause

A 
Decreased glucose tolerance
Non-insulin dependant diabetes 
-Type 2
Hypercholesterolemia
-Elevated cholesterol in the blood
Atherosclerosis
-Thickening of artery walls due to fatty plaque
Hypertension
119
Q

Body changes can be reversed with

A

exercise

120
Q

Osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease are characterized by

A

Atrophy (waste or loss of) and degeneration of articular cartilage. can get to bone against bone

121
Q

Water content decreases with aging

A

Loss of normal viscosity in synovial fluid

122
Q
  • If ROM lost, nutritional exchange to articular cartilage reduced
  • Joint vulnerable to degenerative changes, especially weight bearing joints
A

Water content decreases with aging

123
Q

Stretching and exercise improve

A

flexibility

124
Q

Increased collagen fiber cross-linking seen with age and inactivity and causes

A

decreased mobility of joint structures and increased stiffness

125
Q

Changes in posture with aging.

A

Height of disk decreases
Disks contribute 20-30% of spinal column height
“shrinking”

126
Q

Promotion of good posture alignment important to prevent spinal damage and deformities

A

Back extension exercises

127
Q

most noticeable physical change of aging

A

Muscle Atrophy:Loss of lean muscle mass (& inc in body fat and connective tissue)

128
Q

Gait
Stride becomes wider to improve stability
Step length becomes smaller

A

safety adaptations

129
Q

Gait mediated by neuromuscular system.

A
  • Mild rigidity & less body motion prox vs distally
  • Stride becomes wider to improve stability
  • Step length becomes smaller
130
Q

Normal aging process results in changes in the brain & components of the CNS

A

there are NO significant neurologic impairments that can be attributed completely to the aging process

131
Q

Aging brain remains plastic

A

individuals can continue to gain & retain complex skills

132
Q

Normal changes that do occur with age do not result in significant neurologic impairment & fail to show any associated neurologic deficit that can be completely attributed to aging.

A

true

133
Q

loss of brain mass occurs in

A

-Myelinated structures of white matter (Myelin decreases and the integrity of the myelin is impaired)

134
Q

important for the rapid, accurate, and effective transmission of neural signals

A

Myelin

135
Q

Compromised myelinated structures account for

A

-slowing of psychomotor speed, increased processing time required for complex information , and transmission of motor responses

136
Q

Presbyopia

A

Unable to focus on nearby objects
glare and light changes problematic for older adults
tear secretion decrease 40%

137
Q

Most common visual problem in older adults

A

Presbyopia

138
Q

.-Degenerative or developmental opacity of lens

A

Cataracts

139
Q

Vision loss by damage to the optic nerve

preventable

A

Glaucoma

140
Q

One of the leading causes of blindness on people over 35 y/o

A

Glaucoma

141
Q

Gray shadows in the center of visual field.
least treatable
Limits activity participation and use of electronics

A

Macular degeneration

142
Q

Bilateral, symmetrical, progressive high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss

A

Presbycusis

143
Q

Memory impairment/loss can happen to normal healthy adults due to

A

fatigue, stress etc

144
Q

Memory impairment/loss is more common

A

in the elderly than in younger adults

145
Q

always abnormal, and in the elderly a red flag for dementia

A

Confusion

146
Q

Psychomotor Functions: Decreased abilities to manipulate small objects

A

and time increases up to 40% by age 70

147
Q

impact on ADLs and IADLs by late adulthood

A

Decrease in speed, precision, and flow can have profound impact

148
Q

Depression

A

Most widespread cause of activity limitation

amongst the elderly

149
Q
  • attributed to series of losses
  • health problems
  • elderly people tend to have anxiety and depression together
A

depression

150
Q

under-identified in elderly

- symptoms are hidden by other health problems

A

depression

151
Q

New pattern identified

A

Simultaneously retired and working

Increased participation rates of women in the labor force

152
Q

At age 55 the average number of paid working hours is

A

lowered

153
Q

Voluntary retirees demonstrated

A

higher occupational status, income, health, and life satisfaction

154
Q

Involuntary retirees

A

exhibited signs of poor adaption

155
Q

Many elders continue to work in some capacity

A

Active lifestyle contributes to psychological well being
- Both renumerative employment and volunteer
activities

Lifespan Development (1 decks)

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