CH.14,15,16 Flashcards
Society designates adulthood at what age?
18-end of life
Age 20-40. Optimal physical function and intellectual reasoning
Early (young) Adulthood
Normal age-related changes in physical functioning begins Ages 40-65
Middle Adulthood
Normal age- related changes, chronic illness & disease can compound changes. Ages (65 & up)
Late Adulthood
In 2000, average life expectancy for baby born in the US was..
74.1 Males 79.5 Females
Bone loss ______ after menopause due to ________ estrogen.
accelerates. decreasing.
Bone loss that exceeds that of “normal” aging
Osteoporosis
True/ False Prior to Menopause women lose ~1% bone mass per year Men lose .5% per year
true
Acts as a shock absorber b/w joints
cartilage
provides surface for the sliding and rolling b/w joints
plays essential role for bone growth and development
Cartilage
With aging cartilage _____ and ____ is disrupted
Lubrication and nutrition
-resulting in dehydration, poor nutrition, and increased degradation of weight bearing surfaces
With aging in cartilage ______ and _____occurs
- Thinning: especially articular cartilage, crack, fray, shred by 30
- Crystal formation and calcification: increase friction with joint movement & contribute to osteoarthritis
Muscle Atrophy: app. __% of muscle strength will be lost b/w ages 50-70
30%
Age related decline in muscle mass and thereby muscle strength
Sarcopenia
Decrease in knee extension strength beginning in what decades
3rd and 4th (20s and 30s)
Middle aged and older men and women can benefit from…
resistance training/strength training
Changes in neuromuscular innervation and ability to activate existing muscles may lead to…
decrease muscle strength in older adults
ages 40-65, period in which physiologic effects of aging begin
middle adulthood
Compounded by sedentary lifestyle adopted
Middle Adulthood
Sedentary Lifestyle:
Middle Adulthood: time demands of work and family contribute to lack of exercise= weight gain
-taking care of self less priority
Energy requirements decline after age _
- intake not usually decreased enough; this along with normal age related changes result in weight gain
Changes being at age __ with a decrease in ___ vision happening in everyone.
age 40. near vision
Two changes in the eye take place
External:
Internal:
External: increased wrinkling, decrease tear secretion
Internal: corneal changes
Condition where the lens of the eye become opaque
cataracts
Vision Decreases:
- lens transparency
- amount of light contacting the eye
- number of macular neurons
Causes problems with accommodation
Presbyopia
- image focused on the retina. deterioration of ciliary muscle action
- increase sensitivity to light and glare
Accommodation
Buildup of cerumen within the ear, causing impaction and diminished hearing/ buildup of earwax
Conductive hearing loss
Degeneration of auditory vestibular (balance) and supporting hair cells 4th decade (30s)
Sensorineural Hearing
Affects sensitivity to sound, speech comprehension, and maintenance of equilibrium
Sensorineural Hearing
Functional hearing loss in ___% of adults at the end of ___
25% at the end of middle adulthood (65 yrs)
Decline in olfaction and changes in taste buds may lead to a decrease in ____ of food, resulting in either ______ or ______
decrease in the enjoyment of food, resulting in overeating, or malnutrition (can’t taste keep eating/ grazing to satisfy)
Ability to process novel information (new information)
fluid intelligence
fluid intelligence peaks at age 20 then progressively declines
Ability to apply knowledge gained over time and by experience
Crystallized intellegence
_____ Intelligence improves throughout middle adulthood and older adulthood
Crystallized Intellegence
Incorporates skills that are practiced and automatic
-ability to type, play instrument,
Implicit memory
less affected in adulthood than explicit
knowledge about the world and facts and figures that can be detailed verbally
ex. memorizing muscle attachments
Explicit memory
where past events are associated with present events
-declines with age due to not retaining or manipulating information (new)
Working memory
forgotten more quickly
Four primary forms of occupation in adulthood
- work
- play
- leisure
- self care
Who experience highest levels of stress
Youngest adults (18-40)
Stress associated with increased blood levels of homocyteine
Homocyteine: chemical associated with the development of heart disease
Self Care: Health management
Routines for physical fitness, nutrition, decreasing health risk behaviors and medication
Biggest health concerns in middle age (40-65)
cardiovascular disease and cancer
Leading cause of death for men and women in middle and young adulthood
cardiovascular disease
hypertension increases risk of cardiovascular disease
- poorly defined goals
- likes to compete constantly
- desire for recognition
- mental and physical alertness
- in control
- cynical
- “monica from friends”
Type A
heart disease
- anxious
- supresses emotions
- fatigued
- distressed personality
- high risk of CHD
- negative attitude
- distressed personality
- highest risk type
Type D
heart attack
relates to a multitude of diseases involving uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells that invade healthy normal tissue and may result in death
cancer
According to the american cancer society
_ out of 10 americans develop cancer at some point of their lives
4
77% of cancers are diagnosed in individuals ages..
55 and older
Prevalence greater for prostate cancer but
morbidity greater in breast cancer
more cases of prostate, but more people dying of breast cancer
1 out of 10 males develop this cancer
african americans are twice as likely to die
prostate cancer
Personality type is more likely to develop cancer
Type C
Belief that unexpressive negative emotion weaken the immune system
Healthy with a decreased risk for cancer
Type B
- optimistic
- healthy
- capable of meeting own needs and others
- self supportive
- enthusiastic
- active
Type B
- Suppresses Emotions
- repressed
- self sacrificing
- helpless
- fatigued and depressed
- higher cancer risk
Type C
parents of their own children and adult child of a parent (caring for parents and children at same time)
Sand which generation
Stevens and Commons
Low point in martial satisfaction
high alcoholism
heightened awareness of aging
Midlife Crisis
thought experiencing “midlife crisis” really was experiencing
“stressful life events”
truely experiencing midlife crisis
- reality of aging
- passage of time
Transition to adulthood
career selection, mate selection, and assumption of community responsibilities
Ages 16-24
Major life decisions are made without much life experience upon which to base them
Transition to adulthood
Peak physical status and optimal health
Ages 19- 26
college students believe they personally would probably never have health problems, regardless of health-compromising behaviors
they understand what constitutes healthy behaviors. “will not happen to me”
High risk behaviors 19-26
Risky sexual behavior
alcohol and drug abuse
Many young adults push bodies too far because
can bounce back from stress & exertion
Risk taking behavior in transition years
Alcohol consumption and heavy drinking highest
Highest percentage of traumatic spinal cord injuries and traumatic brain injuries
Youths lacking role models and productive daily routines more likely to use and abuse
alcohol and drugs
15- 24 being highest risk
higher males than females
motor vehicle accidents, falls, violence
spinal cord injuries and traumatic brain injuries
hypothesis that a childhood history of physical abuse predisposes a person to violence in later years. victims higher chance of becoming violent
theory of the cycle of violence
Childhood experiences such as sexual abuse, serious illness of a close person, or major loss events can adversely impact
development of mature coping skills and emotional strength
peak cognitive development and intellectual efficiency
Young adulthood
Foundation for abstract reasoning and mature coping
Young adulthood
____look for absolute truth, while ___ consider problem in the context by which it is presented
Adolescents / adults
Ability to think in a manner less constrained by the need to find a single answer
Transition from hypothetical to pragmatic (realistic, practical) thought
young adulthood
TRUE OR FALSE
Different areas of brain mature at different rates (seen on MRI)
True
Differences in frontal lobe maturation between adolescents and adults may help explain differences in judgment, degree of impulsivity, coping skills, and problem-solving ability
Difference in myelination Prefrontal cortex matures at 24.
Ginzberg’s
Fantasy period
early and middle childhood
“want to be ballerina, doctor like mommy”
Ginzberg
Tentative period
adolescence, consider skills, expense
Don’t like science then shouldnt be a doctor
Realistic career exploration
Late adolescence
part time job, volunteer work
Experimentation period
young adult, career category
get a job in general field ex. health care field
Crystallization
vocational choice w/in category
Holland’s personality type theory
Emphasizes the notion of “fit” between personality and career selection
Useful for career and guidance counselors
Hollands
- investigative
- social- women
- realistic
- artistic- women
- conventional enterprising- women
- police, scientist
- healthcare, mental health counselor
- mechanics, plumbers
- writing, music, art
- bankers, lawyers
Sexual activity identified as ADL
True or False
True
True or Flase:Variety of sexual orientations not considered abnormal
True
Manner in which partner is chosen and roles of participating individuals is influenced by
culture and social class
Lower s-e class marry
younger than middle class
Steps leading to marriage
Dating, courtship, and engagement
Feelings of powerlessness Passive-aggression Neuroticism Suspicion Chemical abuse
Characteristics of unsuccessful marriage
serves a period where at least one couple is is considering marriage, values, religious beliefs, family relationships and long term goals are considered prior to engagement
Courtship
- allow ind. to learn more about himself or herself
- identify persons compatible with own goals values and personality
- develop personal interest
- lays out groundwork
- enhances status
Dating
- strengthens the relationship
- refines one’s own social world through union of two families
- preparation of married life
- in depth assessment of compatibility
Engagement
Depression
Borderline pathologies
Hostility, defensiveness, and aggression
Characteristics of unsuccessful marriages
Divorce rate in the United States hovers over
50%
Predictors of relationship low satisfaction
HIGH alcohol consumption
sexual abuse in childhood
Can be rooted in positive factors, such as focus on career, or negative factors, such as insecurity or fear of intimacy
Deciding not to get married
Cohabitating relatively common in Western society, especially same sex couples
no formal marriage
same sex- not legally recognized
Desirable and undesirable parenting practices perpetuated
Decision to have children
- experiencing stimulation and fun child adds to life
- giving and receiving warmth and affection
- accepted as a responsible mature member of community
- carry on after one’s death
- sense of accomplishment helping child grow
- add meaning to life
- having offspring to add income to family resources
advantages of parenting
- loss of freedom
- financial strain
- worries child health, safety, well being
- bringing child plagued in a world of crime war and pollution
- child will turn out badly with no one to blame
Disadvantage of parenting
born between 1946 and 1964
Baby Boomers
30% of population
Fastest growing segment of population is
OVER 85 age group
Study ran in 1997 using twins
it demonstrated that twins reared apart share less than 35% inheritability of lifespan
Environment and lifestyle accounted for the 65% observed variance
Finch and Tanzi
Rowe & Kahn 3 components of successful aging
- Low probability of disease and disease-related disability
- High cognitive and physical functional capacity
- Active engagement with life
oExercise and activity delays and diminishes almost all age related changes to
Cardiovascular and pulmonary system
- delays changes to musculoskeletal system
- keeping or increasing flexibility and mobility
- decreasing the amount of bone mineral loss
Exercise
- supports healthy cartilage by increasing nutritional fluid exchange
- decreasing risk of vertebral compression fractures through practicing spinal extension
Exercise
- bone mineral content
- cartilage water content
- flexibility(20-30% loss AROM)
- stability and mobility
Decrease with normal aging
fight mineral loss
Resistive exercise or therapy
decrease risk of vertebral compression fractures
weight training
Exercise reduces all declines in metabolic category except
Total body water content in metabolic system
Age Related Cardiovascular Changes
Increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure
The two most prevalent cardiovascular diseases associated with age
Hypertension and Coronary artery Disease
- Increase in vascular stiffness
- Increase in arterial wall thickness
- Less blood able to exit the heart
High Blood pressure and aging
Pulmonary System declines around age
age 60
Changes of the pulmonary System usually does not have a noticeable effect on function until
8th decade (70’s)
Beginning at the age of 30
Increase of body fat with decrease of lean body mass. This can cause:
- decrease in Basal Metabolic Rate
- energy requirements to decline= more weight gain
Body changes cause
Decreased glucose tolerance Non-insulin dependant diabetes -Type 2 Hypercholesterolemia -Elevated cholesterol in the blood Atherosclerosis -Thickening of artery walls due to fatty plaque Hypertension
Body changes can be reversed with
exercise
Osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease are characterized by
Atrophy (waste or loss of) and degeneration of articular cartilage. can get to bone against bone
Water content decreases with aging
Loss of normal viscosity in synovial fluid
- If ROM lost, nutritional exchange to articular cartilage reduced
- Joint vulnerable to degenerative changes, especially weight bearing joints
Water content decreases with aging
Stretching and exercise improve
flexibility
Increased collagen fiber cross-linking seen with age and inactivity and causes
decreased mobility of joint structures and increased stiffness
Changes in posture with aging.
Height of disk decreases
Disks contribute 20-30% of spinal column height
“shrinking”
Promotion of good posture alignment important to prevent spinal damage and deformities
Back extension exercises
most noticeable physical change of aging
Muscle Atrophy:Loss of lean muscle mass (& inc in body fat and connective tissue)
Gait
Stride becomes wider to improve stability
Step length becomes smaller
safety adaptations
Gait mediated by neuromuscular system.
- Mild rigidity & less body motion prox vs distally
- Stride becomes wider to improve stability
- Step length becomes smaller
Normal aging process results in changes in the brain & components of the CNS
there are NO significant neurologic impairments that can be attributed completely to the aging process
Aging brain remains plastic
individuals can continue to gain & retain complex skills
Normal changes that do occur with age do not result in significant neurologic impairment & fail to show any associated neurologic deficit that can be completely attributed to aging.
true
loss of brain mass occurs in
-Myelinated structures of white matter (Myelin decreases and the integrity of the myelin is impaired)
important for the rapid, accurate, and effective transmission of neural signals
Myelin
Compromised myelinated structures account for
-slowing of psychomotor speed, increased processing time required for complex information , and transmission of motor responses
Presbyopia
Unable to focus on nearby objects
glare and light changes problematic for older adults
tear secretion decrease 40%
Most common visual problem in older adults
Presbyopia
.-Degenerative or developmental opacity of lens
Cataracts
Vision loss by damage to the optic nerve
preventable
Glaucoma
One of the leading causes of blindness on people over 35 y/o
Glaucoma
Gray shadows in the center of visual field.
least treatable
Limits activity participation and use of electronics
Macular degeneration
Bilateral, symmetrical, progressive high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss
Presbycusis
Memory impairment/loss can happen to normal healthy adults due to
fatigue, stress etc
Memory impairment/loss is more common
in the elderly than in younger adults
always abnormal, and in the elderly a red flag for dementia
Confusion
Psychomotor Functions: Decreased abilities to manipulate small objects
and time increases up to 40% by age 70
impact on ADLs and IADLs by late adulthood
Decrease in speed, precision, and flow can have profound impact
Depression
Most widespread cause of activity limitation
amongst the elderly
- attributed to series of losses
- health problems
- elderly people tend to have anxiety and depression together
depression
under-identified in elderly
- symptoms are hidden by other health problems
depression
New pattern identified
Simultaneously retired and working
Increased participation rates of women in the labor force
At age 55 the average number of paid working hours is
lowered
Voluntary retirees demonstrated
higher occupational status, income, health, and life satisfaction
Involuntary retirees
exhibited signs of poor adaption
Many elders continue to work in some capacity
Active lifestyle contributes to psychological well being
- Both renumerative employment and volunteer
activities
