CH13 FINAL TERMS Flashcards
Social Psychology
Study of how people think, feel, and behave in social situations
Attribution Theory
We can attribute the behavior to the person’s traits/personality (a dispositional attribution), or we can attribute it to the situation (a situational attribution)
{Fritz Heider}
Fundamental Attribution Error
people tend to overestimate the influence of personal characteristics and underestimate the influence of situational factors in determining other people’s behavior
AKA
Blaming personality instead of situation
Peripheral Route Persuasion
A form of persuasion that relies on superficial values, such as attractiveness of the persuader, rather than the content of the message.
-EX: Climate change scientists provide photos of beautiful nature in order to persuade politicians to act on global warming
Central Route Persuasion
A form of persuasion that offers evidence and arguments to trigger favorable thoughts.
-EX: Climate scientists provide factual / statistical evidence about the dangers of global warming in order to persuade politicians to act on global warming
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the phenomenon in which people are more likely to comply with a large request if they have previously agreed to a small request
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
a theory that explains how people resolve conflicts between their beliefs and behaviors by changing their attitudes or behaviors to reduce the dissonance (tension) they feel
{Leon Festinger}
Cognitive Dissonance
When we become aware that our attitudes and actions don’t coincide/align, we experience tension/cognitive dissonance.
Conformity
the tendency to change one’s behavior or beliefs to match the norms and expectations of a group
Normative Social Influence
Conformity that occurs because of a desire to fit in and be liked by others
Informative Social Influence
Conformity that occurs because of a desire to be accurate and correct
Social Facilitation
the phenomenon in which the presence of others improves performance on simple or well-learned tasks, but hinders performance on complex or unfamiliar tasks
Social Loafing
the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone
Deindivuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint that can occur when people are in an anonymous group, leading to risky or deviant behavior
-EX: KKK members wearing hoods; because they are wearing hoods, they are more anonymous. Because they are in the KKK, they are in a group. This combination can lead to dangerous behavior from the KKK members.
Group Polarization
The beliefs and attitudes we bring to a group grow stronger as we discuss them with like-minded others.
-EX: Racists join r/racism and become more racist by engaging with the other like-minded individuals there
Groupthink
the tendency for group members to conform to the norms and perspectives of the group, even if it means ignoring outside information or alternative viewpoints.
-EX: Newly-elected JFK executes a failed invasion that was approved by him and every member of his circle because they all conformed together- nobody in his circle spoke up against the idea.
Prejudice
Unjustifiable negative attitude towards a group or its members
Stereotype
Fixed, oversimplified belief about a group or its members
Discrimination
The act of unfairly treating someone differently because of their membership in a particular group
-EX: Hiring John over Tyrone because John is white and Tyrone is black
Just-World phenomenon
The belief that good is rewarded and evil is punished. This reasoning assumes that those who succeed are good and those who suffer are bad.
This causes people to think that poor people are poor because they’re dumb/lazy/bad, and rich people are rich because they’re good/smart/hardworking.
In reality, a poor person is not always automatically bad or lazy or not hardworking.
Ingroup
A group with which an individual identifies with or feels a sense of belonging
Outgroup
A group that an individual does not identify with; anyone that is not in the individual’s ingroup
Ingroup bias
The tendency to favor and defend one’s ingroup and discriminate against outgroups
Scapegoat theory
The theory that people blame someone or something else for their own problems/failures.
-EX: When 9/11 happened, everyone blamed it on innocent Muslim Americans.
Other-Race Effect
People are better at recognizing and remembering faces of their own race than those of other races
Frustration-Aggression Principle
Aggression is more likely to occur when an individual is already frustrated.
-EX: If it’s 100 degrees outside, you will get aggressive easier because you are irritated / frustrated from the heat.
Social Script
A set of expectations or norms for how people should behave in a given situation.
-EX: A child shakes a person’s hand after seeing on TV that you should do this in a business setting.
Mere Exposure effect
People prefer things that are familiar to them. In relation to attraction, people begin to develop crushes on those they see very often.
Passionate Love
Intense feeling of romantic love and desire, characterized by strong emotions, intense physical attraction, and a desire to be with the loved one.
Usually this is the strongest when you first begin to date someone.
Companionate Love
Feeling of deep affection and concern characterized by caring, understanding, and desire to help and support the loved one.
Usually this is after the Passionate Love stage, and is what most long-term married couples feel.
Equity
Fair and just; people should be treated equally and receive rewards and benefits that are proportional to their contributions.
Self-disclosure
The act of revealing very personal information / secrets to others. This is commonly seen in close relationships and can help build trust and deepen connections.
-EX: Telling your girlfriend all your secrets
Altruism
The act of selflessly helping others without any expectation of reward or recognition. It is motivated by a desire to improve the wellbeing of others.
Bystander Effect
People are less likely to offer help in an emergency situation when there are other people present. This usually occurs because people may feel that someone else will take action.
-EX: You witness a shooting outside your hotel window, but you know that other people heard the shooting too and assume that someone else will call the police so you don’t.
Social Exchange theory
Theory that explains why some people do good things. It suggests that people engage in good deeds because they expect to gain benefits or rewards, and that the rewards outweigh the costs.
-EX: You are thinking about donating blood. You weigh out the pros and cons.
Pros:
*you will get a 10 dollar gift card
*you will feel good knowing you helped someone
Cons:
*you have to drive 10 miles to the blood donation site
*it may hurt or cause discomfort
Reciprocity Norm
If someone does something kind for you, you may feel obligated to return the favor.
Social Responsibility Norm
Expectation that people will act in ways that benefit everybody.
-EX: It is the norm that you volunteer because you have a social responsibility to do so
Social Trap
Situation in which the pursuit of individual goals leads to a negative outcome for the group as a whole.
-EX: You give Sathvik and Lyons these choices:
- You get 10 dollars, and the other person gets nothing
- You and the other person both get 7 dollars
Sathvik and Lyons both choose choice 1, so they both get nothing. If they chose choice 2, they both would have 14 dollars.
Mirror Image Perceptions
When people in conflict have a curious tendency to form diabolical images of one another. AKA. Mirror-image perceptions.
Self-Fulfilling prophecy
A belief that influences a person’s behavior in such a way that it causes the belief to come true.
-EX: You believe that you will fail the test, so you may not put in the effort needed to succeed and then you actually fail the test for real
Superordinate goals
Shared goals that involve the cooperation of multiple groups or individuals. They can help to reduce conflict and promote cooperation.
-EX: The Batman and The Joker, who are both rivals, team up to defeat The Riddler. By teaming up, they are reducing conflict and cooperating with each other to achieve their shared goal of defeating The Riddler.
GRIT
Strategy for Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-reduction.
(Charles Osgood)
-EX: Small gestures can help to calm down two fighting parties. Sathvik and Lyons get into an argument. Lyons smiles at Sathvik in the hallway and Sathvik begins to feel less angry. This leads to resolving conflicts.
Mimicry
Copying behavior; a form of conformity
-EX: Yawning because you saw someone else yawn
Stanley Milgram
He came up with the following experiment:
There are two people volunteering for an experiment. One person is told to attempt to solve problems given verbally through a microphone. The other person is told to shock the person if they get the problem wrong.
The shocker willingly shocked the person when they kept getting the question wrong, amping the shocking power up each time at the direction of the experiment-designer, despite the cries from the person being shocked.
Zimbardo
Came up with the Stanford-Prison experiment.
Microaggression
Solomon Asb
Conformity Line test
Requirements for conformity
-group of at least 3 people
-group where everyone else agrees
-admires the group’s status and attractiveness
-have not made prior commitment to a response
-know that others in the group will observe our behavior
-are from a culture that strongly encourages respect for social standards
