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Bio 1 > Ch.12 (Mitosis) > Flashcards

Ch.12 (Mitosis) Flashcards

1
Q

Function [mitosis] (3)

A

asexual production in eukaryotic unicellular organisms (and some multicellular)
growth and development of multicellular
tissue renewal/repair of multicellular

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2
Q

Are identical cell daughters produced in all cases: asexual production, growth and development, tissue renewal/repair?

A

yes

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3
Q

What does each identical daughter cell receive in mitosis? (2)

A

identical set of chromosomes
cytoplasm

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4
Q

Is the number of chromosomes constant from one generation to the next?

A

yes

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5
Q

3 events mitosis

A
  1. DNA is replicated/copied and condensed
  2. nuclear division (chromosomes divided)
  3. cytoplasmic divison (cytokinesis)
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6
Q

What does the chromosome look like after DNA replication?

A

Two sister chromatins attached at centromere

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7
Q

Which phase takes longest in the cell cycle?

A

G1

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8
Q

What are phases like G1, G2?

A

checkpoints

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9
Q

Name cell cycle phases (4)

A

G0, G1, S (DNA synthesis), G2

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10
Q

G0

A

quiescence: cells do not grow or divide, most cells are in this phase

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11
Q

G1 - Gap Phase 1 (5)

A

cells grow in size and metabolize
organelle duplication (prep for S)
genes are transcribed
proteins are made for S phase
G1 checkpoint

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12
Q

What does the G1 checkpoint do?

A

Monitor cell size, makes sure that cells have reached critical size and that nutrients are adequate to go to S.

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13
Q

S: synthesis (2)

A

DNA synthesis: DNA polymerase for duplication of chromosomes
duplication of centrosomes or MTCOs in plants

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14
Q

In humans, how many duplicated chromosomes and chromatids would there be in S?

A

46 chromosomes
92 chromatids

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15
Q

G2 - Gap Phase 2 (3)

A

cells produce more protein
critical surface/volume ration reached
prep for M phase

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16
Q

What phases form INTERPHASE?

A

G1, S, G2

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17
Q

In interphase, what is visible and not visible?

A

Nucleus visible
Individual chromosomes not visible

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18
Q

M Phase : Mitotic Phase (3)

A

short
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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19
Q

Longest phase:

A

Interphase

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20
Q

In what phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes visible and separating?

A

M Phase

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21
Q

What division occurs in mitosis?

A

Nuclear division or separation of sister chromatids

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22
Q

What division occurs in cytokinesis?

A

cytoplasmic division or physical separation of cell into 2

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23
Q

Sub-phases of M in order (5)

A

Prophase
Prometaphase (do not need to distinguish from Prophase)
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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24
Q

Prophase (3)

A

chromosomes condense into X structure
nucleolus disappears
spindle of microtubules form

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25
Q

In prophase, are chromosomes in the non-diving cell fully condensed and visible?

A

No.

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26
Q

Prometaphase (3)

A

nuclear envelope disappears
centrosomes at opposite poles
mitotic spindle completes

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27
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes align at the metaphase plate (equator)

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28
Q

What is the metaphase plate otherwise known as?

A

Equator

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29
Q

Anaphase (3)

A

sister chromatids separate to opposite poles
polar MTs overlap reduces (spindle elongates)
kinetochore MTs become shorter

30
Q

Telophase (5)

A

nuclear envelope reforms (two nuclei appear)
chromosomes de-condense
spindle disappears
nucleolus appears
cytokinesis occurs

31
Q

What disappears in telophase?

32
Q

What appears in telophase? (2)

A

Nuclear envelope (two nuclei)
Nucleolus

33
Q

Cytokinesis - Animal

A

Cleavage Furrow

34
Q

Cytokinesis - Plant

A

Cell Plate

35
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

pinching of cell membrane by contraction of actomyosin ring (microfilaments)

36
Q

Cell Plate

A

created by vesicles originating from Golgi that align and fuse at the EQUATOR. large vesicle fuses with PM.

37
Q

Cell division in bacteria (prokaryotes) is called?

A

Binary fission

38
Q

Is mitosis the same as binary fission?

39
Q

Binary Fission (3)

A

single circular chromosome of bacteria is replicated at origin of replication
origins (2) seperate at ends of dividing bacterium
presence of cell wall

40
Q

What happens to the bacterium during replication?

A

It elongates.

41
Q

Is DNA replication synchronized with physical separation in bacterium?

42
Q

What happens in rapidly dividing bacteria cells?

A

The next round of DNA replication begins before the previous cell separation is incomplete.

43
Q

Checkpoints - what are they for?

A

Makes sure nothing goes wrong, checks for mutation, alignment, etc.

44
Q

Checkpoints that monitor progression (3)

A
  1. G1
  2. G2
  3. M checkpoint (alignment)
45
Q

Example of conditions that G1 checkpoint is involved in (3)

A

Anchorage dependence
Density dependent inhibition
DNA damage

46
Q

What happens when DNA is damaged beyond repair?

47
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

48
Q

What is the anchorage dependence condition?

A

Cells only divide if they are attached to surface.

49
Q

What is the density dependent inhibition condition?

A

Cells stop dividing once the entire surface is covered (1 layer).

50
Q

Apoptosis process (3 steps)

A
  1. DNA fragmentation: chromatin condenses and nucleus fragments
  2. Cellular fragmentation: apoptotic bodies form (cell blebs)
  3. Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by macrophages (white blood cells)
51
Q

What is the DNA damage condition?

A

Cells stop dividing to repair damage.

52
Q

What kickstarts apoptosis?

A

Signal (internal or external) that triggers mitochondria to activate series of caspases.

53
Q

Caspases

A

Proteins that act as proteases and initiate apoptotic reponse

54
Q

Proteases (2)

A

cells that do not lyse
enzyme that breaks down proteins

55
Q

Nuclease

A

enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids
occurs in DNA fragmentation step of apoptosis

56
Q

What is an example of an external signal for cell death?

A

Death from neighbouring cells

57
Q

Difference between necrosis and apoptosis? (3)

A

1)
- Necrosis: accidental
- Apoptosis: programmed
2)
- Necrosis: cell lysis (explosion)
- Apoptosis: cell fragmentation + phagocytosis
3)
- Necrosis: inflammation triggered
- Apoptosis: inflammation is minimal

58
Q

What is an example of internal signals for cell death? (2)

A

DNA damage
protein misfolding in ER

59
Q

What happens when the G1 fails to work?

A

Cells may divide under not optimal conditions –> result in transformation of cells to form CANCER CELLS

60
Q

Difference between normal cells and cancer cells

A

Density dependent inhibition - normal cells have it, but cancer cells continue to divide and don’t stop

61
Q

How many chromosomes and chromatids in G1, the mother cell?

A

2 chromosomes
0 chromatids

62
Q

How many chromosomes and chromatids in Prophase?

A

2 chromosomes
4 chromatids

63
Q

How many chromosomes and chromatids in Metaphase?

A

2 chromsomes
4 chromatids

64
Q

How many chromosomes and chromatids in Anaphase?

A

4 chromosomes
0 chromatids

65
Q

How many chromosomes and chromatids in Telophase, per daughter cell?

A

2 chromsomes
0 chromatids

66
Q

In humans, how many chromosomes and chromatids in G1, the mother cell?

A

46 chromosomes
0 chromatids

67
Q

In humans, how many chromosomes and chromatids in Prophase?

A

46 chromosomes
92 chromatids

68
Q

In humans, how many chromosomes and chromatids in metaphase?

A

46 chromosomes
92 chromatids

69
Q

In humans, how many chromosomes and chromatids in anaphase?

A

92 chromosomes
0 chromatids

70
Q

In humans, how many chromosomes and chromatids in telophase?

A

46 chromosomes
0 chromatids

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