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Research Methods > Ch12: correlational research strategy > Flashcards

Ch12: correlational research strategy Flashcards

1
Q

What does the correlation coefficient describe?

A

The MAGNITUDE and DIRECTION of relationships

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2
Q

Pearson r is typically correlated for ___ relationships and ranges from __ to ___

A

Pearson r is typically correlated for LINEAR relationships and ranges from -1 to +1

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3
Q

What does the sign on Pearson r indicate?

A

DIRECTION (not magnitude) of relationships

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4
Q

For nonliner relationships, what coefficient would you use?

A

a Spearman Correlation Coefficient for non-linear monotonic relationships.
For ORDINAL DATA (eg., sex and intelligence)

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5
Q

When both sets of data are nominal, what statistical analysis would you use?

A

Chi-squared test

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6
Q

When one variable is nominal and the other is interval/ratio, what correlation results?

A

a point-biserial correlation

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7
Q

to establish a correlation, you need a __ of scores

A

range

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8
Q

What do you use to determine the significance of the correlation coefficient?

A

a t-test

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9
Q

What is R^2?

A
  • coefficient of determination

- proportion of variability in the DV accounted for by the IV

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10
Q

For rest-retest reliability, what ccorrelation would you use?

A

Pearson r

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11
Q

For split-half reliability, what correlation would you use?

A

Spearman-Brown formula

-note: first calculate R, then Spearman-Brown formula

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12
Q

The ___ the correlation, the better the split-test reliability

A

higher

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13
Q

What are correlations used for in inter-rater reliability?

A

Cohen’s Kappa is used

Cohen’s kappa = (%agreement - percent chance) / (1-%chance)

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14
Q

What is Cohen’s Kappa?

A

measure of agreement that attempts to correct for chance

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15
Q

Without some correction, measures of inter-rater reliability…

A

Tend to overestimate the true level of agreement between the raters

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16
Q

What does convergent validity seek to answer?

A

are 2 measures of the same construct correlated?

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17
Q

___ validity is seeking to make sure that 2 measures of different constructs are NOT correlated

A

divergent

18
Q

____ is used to test significance of r value

A

t-test

19
Q

cyclical functions make it difficult to determine ___ ___

A

temporal precedence

20
Q

We use ____ to predict scores on one variable based on scores on another variable

A

REGRESSION

21
Q

In a regression, what is equivalent to the DV and the IV?

A 
DV = criterion variable
IV = Predictor variable
22
Q

Degrees of freedom for t-test on significance of Pearson r value

A

N-2

23
Q

With 2 variables, what regression do you use?

A

simple linear regression

24
Q

Regression equations

A

y = b1x + b0

  • where y has a cap (^)
  • b1 is the slope
  • b0 is the intercept
  • like y=mx+b
25
Q

What is the role of the line of best fit in a simple linear regression?

A

to minimize the distance of each data point from the predicted value

26
Q

T/F: the size of b1 in the simple linear regression equation (slope) tells us about the strength of the relationship

A

FALSE. b1 tells us the scale, but doesn’t say anything about the strength of the relationship
-as x increases, by how much does y change?

27
Q

Purpose of a regression equation?

A

To make predictions based on the line of best fit

28
Q

What does the sign of b1 tell us?

A

the direction of the relationship

29
Q

Purpose of a multiple regression

A

to maximize predictive power.

-more variables = more predictive power

30
Q

Multiple regression equation

A

y = b1x1 + b2x2 +b0

31
Q

How could you maximize predictability in the following example:
Likeability is predicted by physical attractiveness of politician

A
  • add in a measure of political affiliation

- more variables = higher predictive power

32
Q

How do you test the significance of regression equations?

A

by using the standardized beta.

  • Standardized beta tell you the SIZE OF THE RELATIONSHIP. It tells you the change in SD units.
    eg. , as x variable changes by 1 SD, by how many SD’s does the y variable change? By insert standardized beta value
33
Q

What does the correlation of determination (R square) tell you about a regression equation?

A

The proportion of variability explained by the regression line

34
Q

In an SPSS output, 4 variables to predict murder rate are in a table.
The standardized beta for resident population is 0.052 and for burglary rate per 100,000, it’s 0.333. For lacency-theft rate per 100,000, its -0.205 and for motor vehicle theft rate per 100,000, it’s 0.0507. Explain what this means

A
  • As population increases by 1 SD, murder rate goes up by 0.052 of a SD. This is a VERY WEAK relationship.
  • A stronger relationship exists with burglary rate (0.333)
  • as larceny increases by 1 SD, murder rate decreases by 0.205
  • as motor theft rate increases by 1 SD, murder rate increases by 0.507 SD. This is our STRONGEST PREDICTOR. Its significance (p value) is <0.001.
35
Q

If the significance for resident population is 0.576, what does this tell us?

A

that resident population is not a significant predictor of murder rates

36
Q

Correlation, simple linear regression or multiple regression? For:
A local gelati store tracks the number of bowls they sell and the daily high temperature each day for several weeks so they can budget and stock for next summer.

A

Simple linear regression, because there are 2 variables (one PREDICTING and one criterion)

37
Q

Correlation, simple linear regression or multiple regression? For:
Researchers are interested in determining the relationship between death anxiety and religiosity

A

Correlation

38
Q

Correlation, simple linear regression or multiple regression? For:
A university wants to know how accurately scores on each sub-component of the GRE can determine the success of a graduate student.

A

Multiple regression. PREDICTING future success based on multiple subcomponents of the GRE

39
Q

What kind of reliability analyses can you run with correlations?

A
  • test-retest reliability
  • split-half reliability
  • inter-rater reliability
40
Q

What kind of validity analyses can you run with correlations?

A
  • Convergent

- Divergent validity

Research Methods (12 decks)

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