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MOLECULAR GENETICS > CH.12 > Flashcards

CH.12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

plasmids are self replicating circular genomes that maintain a relatively _______ copy number

A

constant

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2
Q

explain what low copy of plasmids are?

A

1-10 copies per cell. have a segregation mechanism

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3
Q

explain high copy in plasmids

A

more than 10 copies, sometimes up to 100 or more. are distributed between the daughter cells randomly

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4
Q

episome

A

a plasmid that can integrate into the host chromosome

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5
Q

phages are self replicating entities that produce _________________. may be ______ or ______, _____ or ______.

A

infectious particles. circular, linear, DNA OR RNA

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6
Q

lysogenic

A

phages that can integrate into the host genome

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7
Q

immunity

A

ability of a phage or plasmid to exclude reinfection by similar entity

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8
Q

the transfer of phages occurs through _______

A

infectious particles

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9
Q

the transfer of plasmids occurs through _______

A

conjugation

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10
Q

plasmids are always ________, but phages may exist as either _______ or _______.

A

circular. linear or circular

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11
Q

DNA pol usually binds region

that _______ origin

A

surrounds

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12
Q

what is the linear template called?

A

adenovirus

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13
Q

bottom strand is used as _______ and the top strand is _______

A

template, displaced

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14
Q

top strand forms ______ before initiating DNA synthesis..

A

terminal duplex

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15
Q

duplex origin formed by _________

A

base pairing

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16
Q

what is an example of a small protein that intervenes with the problem of linear replication?

A

adenovirus DNA

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17
Q

protein intervenes are often used by ____________ that have proteins linked to the 5’ terminal base

A

viral nucleic acids

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18
Q

during strand displacement for linear DNA replication, the first synthesis uses a _______________.

A

normal double- stranded linear template

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19
Q

the displaced strand mimics a____________ by forming what?

A

linear double strand, hairpin structure

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20
Q

terminal protein ______ binds to the 5’ end of the ______ of adenovirus DNA between ____ and _____ nucleotides

A

dCTP, top strand, 9-18

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21
Q

host protein ______ is essential for the _______. it binds between ___ and ____ nucleotides

A

nuclear factor 1, initiation. 17-48

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22
Q

initiation complex forms between positions __ and ___= ___________ from the actual DNA end

A

9 and 48. a fixed distance

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23
Q

what serves as a primer for DNA synthesis in strand displacement?

A

3, OH of dCTP

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24
Q

new strand is _________ to the initiating dCTP

A

covalently

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25
Q

old TP is _______ by the new TO fir each new replication cycle

A

displaced

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26
Q

does TP remain attached during elongation?

A

yes

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27
Q

name two of the solutions

A

hairpins, and telomere( repetitive sequences)

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28
Q

another solution used is converting ______ to _______ or multimeric molecules.

A

linear to circular

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29
Q

lambda phage is an example of what?

T4 phage is an example of what?

A

circular, multimeric

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30
Q

rolling circle generate what?

A

single stranded multimers of the original sequence

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31
Q

rolling circle is an example of what?

A

each strand being replicated independently

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32
Q

what does the nicking in rolling circle?

A

protein A which is a endonuclease (cuts in the middle)

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33
Q

what does an exonuclease do

A

cuts on the ends

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34
Q

ϕX A protein is a cis acting _______. what does it do?

A

relaxase. generates single stranded circles from the tail produced by rolling circle replication

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35
Q

A protein has multiple functions, what are the three?

A

origin recognition, endonuclease, and ligas

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36
Q

rolling circle replication is a model for what?

A

leading strand synthesis

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37
Q

plus strand is what? when it replicates it becomes what?

A

single stranded, minus strand

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38
Q

is the replicative form double stranded or single ?

A

double

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39
Q

rolling circle is used by ______ to do what?

A

plasmids to transfer themselves and host chromosome sequences to other bacteria during conjugation

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40
Q

F factor replication system is ________

A

surpressed

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41
Q

F plasmid is an example of a ______ in E.coli

A

episome

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42
Q

F plasmid is a large circular plasmid ______kb.
only ______ genes have been mapped.
_____kb is organized as a unit to transfer its genome to another bacteria. (___________ or ____ genes)

A

100.
60.
32.
transfer region or tra

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43
Q

three methods of replication?

A

oriV, oriC, oriT

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44
Q

____ as free plasmid (one copy/bacterial chromosome)

A

oriV

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45
Q

uses e.coli chromosomal origin when integrated is called what? ____ is surpressed

A

oriC,OriV

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46
Q

______ during conjugation

A

oriT

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47
Q

discrete regions that has transfer genes?

A

TRA

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48
Q

simple transposons- encode transposase. used to insert into host chromosomes (integration)

A

IS

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49
Q

used to initiate plasmid replication- vegetative

A

oriV

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50
Q

where are tra and trb loci?

A

40 genes

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51
Q

used to initiate replication for transfer ( in conjugation- rolling circle model)

A

OriT

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52
Q

which bacteria is F +

A

the one that has F factpr

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53
Q

outer membrane protein that blocks mating pair formation?

A

T

54
Q

blocks DNA transfer?

A

S

55
Q

covalently attaches to 5’ end of DNA and unwinds (relaxase)

A

I

56
Q

recruits TraI to 5’ end of DNA

A

Y

57
Q

what proteins are involved with immunity?

A

s AND t

58
Q

DNA nicking and unwinding?

A

Y and I

59
Q

pilin-

A

A

60
Q

SENSES THAT MATING PAIR FORMED

A

m

61
Q

transfer of an F factor is initiated when rolling circle replication begins at _______

A

oriT

62
Q

the free 5’ end initiates what? what is bound to the 5’ end?

A

transfer into the recipient bacterium. traI

63
Q

transferred DNA is converted into __________ in the recipient bacterium?

A

double stranded

64
Q

when F factor is ____, conjugation “infects” the recipient bacterium with a copy of the F factor

A

free

65
Q

when F factor is _________, conjugation causes transfer of the bacterial chomosome

A

integrated

66
Q

pilus is composed of what?

A

pilin subunits

67
Q

DNA transferred through channel formed by the _________system._______ coupling protein which directs the 5’ end of the DNA to the channel. ______ and _____ may also participate

A

T4SS. traD, tra N and G

68
Q

transfer begins from _____ which is nicked by ______ complex at a ____ site. ( what usually does the nicking)

A

OriT. traY/traI. traI

69
Q

how many unit lengths are transferred in conjugation?

A

one

70
Q

plasmids can be either mobilizable or self transmissible. a mob plasmid only contains an _______. a self transmissible plasmid contains a ____ region

A

oriT. tra

71
Q

tra systems are linked to their what?

A

incompatibility group

72
Q

plasmids that allow transfer ofr DNA to unrelated species are known as what? and they recognize a range of oriT?

A

promiscuous

73
Q

name this process: pore formed between two cells and only one strand of DNA is passed through to the other cell (5’ end first). the single strand in each cell undergoes replication to form double stranded DNA.

A

self transmissible

74
Q

name this process: another plasmid is needed for this process. (helper plasmid must contain tra functions)

A

mobilization

75
Q

binds near oriT and recruits TraI (relaxase),

A

traY

76
Q

has nuclease & helicase (ATP) activity. Function enhanced by TraY & IHF (integration host factor);

A

traI

77
Q

is a transferase  covalent attachment of the 5’ end of the DNA to the protein (serves as the pilot protein)

A

traI

78
Q

active transport, binds DNA, ATP/GTP binding sites, inner membrane protein, necessary for DNA transfer, directs 5’ end to the T4SS channel.

A

traD

79
Q

protein A has the combined activities of _____ and _____. it recognized the ____ like traY and does nicking like traI

A

traY and traI, ori

80
Q

blocks DNA transfer, inner membrane

A

TraS

81
Q

outer membrane protein that blocks mating-pair formation

A

traT

82
Q

name the two mechanisms of DNA integration in bacteria

A

homologous recombination and transposisiton

83
Q

what does the Hfr cell contain?

A

an integrated F plasmid

84
Q

F+ cell contains what?

A

episomal F plasmid

85
Q

after integration, F plasmid ______________________________________________________. and _____ is suppressed

A

replicates as part of the host replicon. oriV

86
Q

the donor chromosome is transferred as what?

A

single stranded DNA starting at the origin of transfer oriT

87
Q

which gene is transferred first between bacteria?

A

the one closest to the origin

88
Q

the integrated F plasmid is found when transferring into another bacteria?

A

both at the beginning and at the end of the DNA being transferred

89
Q

does the F- strand stay -

A

yes it does

90
Q

the transfer process using Hfr uses the _____ method or replication.

A

rolling circle

91
Q

how long does it take to transfer entire chromosome of E.coli?

A

100 min

92
Q

the double stranded transferred DNA is _____ into the recipient chromosome by __________.

A

integrated, double recombintation

93
Q

F+ strains containf the integrated plasmid supports _______ and are described as _____ strains which stands for what?

A

high levels or recombination. Hfr, high frequency of recombination

94
Q

the transfer of the host chromosome is ____ from the tra region and F- plasmid. except for a small part around _____.

A

away, oriT

95
Q

in host chromosome transfer, donor DNA integrates into the host genome by _______ and _______.

A

recombination and transposition

96
Q

most transfers are near the site of _____, which causes what to be formed?

A

insertion. gradient of transfer frequencies

97
Q

plasmids that leave the genome carrying chromosomal DNA are called what? they leave by ______, resulting in a deletion in the ________.

A

F’ plasmid, homologous recombination. chromosome

98
Q

A. timefaciens can transform plant cells into tumors. the infectious agent is a ______ carried by the ______.

A

plasmid, bacterium

99
Q

is produced by wounded plant cells (phenolic compound).

A

Acetosyringone

100
Q

Agrobacterium infection succeeds only on

A

wounded plants

101
Q

what uses opines as nutrients in the soil?

A

agrobacterium

102
Q

what transfers T DNA to the plant cell?

A

agrobacterium in tumor at wound sitt

103
Q

opines are made up of what?

A

basic amino acids and alpha ketogluterate

104
Q

encodes all of the functions required for the transfer of the T-strand to the plant

A

Virulence region( Vir)

105
Q

23 kb region that is transferred to the plant (only the T-strand actually transferred)

A

T-DNA

106
Q

T DNA is involved with the synthesis of what two things?

A

opine synthesis and plant hormone synthesis

107
Q

allows the bacterium to use octopine and nopaline nutrient (most other soil bacteria lack these genes)

A

opine catabolism

108
Q

what is the purpose for tra region?

A

is needed for the transfer of the entire pTi between different agrobacterium

109
Q

what encodes genes necessary for transfer to the plant?

A

vir genes

110
Q

shi and roi are for what synthesis?

A

hormone

111
Q

nos and ocs are for what synthesis?

A

opine

112
Q

the plasmid also carries genes for synthesizing and _______ ________ ( _____ derivatives)

A

metabolizing opines. arginine

113
Q

what carries genes required for infection?

A

TDNA

114
Q

what is the transferred region that integrates into the plant chromosome?

A

T-DNA

115
Q

the vir genes of the Ti plasmid are located _____ the re transferred region and is required for ____________.

A

outside. transfer process

116
Q

the vir genes are induced by ______ compounds released by plants in response to ______

A

phenolic, wounding

117
Q

responsible for the transfer of T-DNA to the plant wounded plant cell.

A

vir region

118
Q

what is the sensor? and receptor for actosyringone?

A

vir A

119
Q

what is the positive regulator for other vir genes?

A

virG

120
Q

membrane protein vir A is autophosphorylated on _____ when it binds an ______.

A

histidine, inducer

121
Q

VirA activates ____ by transferring the ________.

A

virG, phosphate group

122
Q

what is an example of several bacterial two component systems that uses a phopshohistidine relay?

A

virA-virG

123
Q

what is the effector?

A

virG

124
Q

T-DNA is generated when a nick at the________ boundary creates a primer for synthesis of a new DNA strand.

A

right

125
Q

The preexisting single strand that is displaced by the new synthesis is transferred to the______________________.

A

plant cell nucleus

126
Q

Transfer is terminated when DNA synthesis reaches a nick at the_______ boundary.

A

left

127
Q

what nicks and binds to 5’ end in TDNA process?

A

virD2

128
Q

The T-DNA is transferred as a complex of single-stranded DNA with the_________________________________

A

VirE2 single strand-binding protein.

129
Q

T DNA is converted into_______ and is integrated into the __________.

A

double stranded DNA, plant genome

130
Q

vir proteins that are transported to the nucleus (3)

A

vir D2, vir D1, virE2

131
Q

transfer of T-DNA resembles what?

A

bacterial conjugation

MOLECULAR GENETICS (1 decks)

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