Ch.11

Question 1

heuristic

[hjʊˈrɪstɪk]

Answer 1

encouraging a person to learn, discover, understand, or solve problems on his or her own, as by experimenting, evaluating possible answers or solutions, or by trial and error:
A heuristic method of learning involves discovery and problem-solving, using reasoning and past experience.

a heuristic teaching method.
the science of heuristic procedure

Question 2

pertain

Answer 2

If one thing pertains to another, it relates, belongs, or applies to it.
I would much rather that you asked Mrs Zuckerman any questions pertaining to herself.
documents pertaining to the lawsuit.

Question 3

explicit

Answer 3

fully and clearly expressed or demonstrated; leaving nothing merely implied; unequivocal:
explicit knowledge; explicit belief.
explicit instructions; an explicit act of violence; explicit language.

Question 4

coherence

Answer 4

Coherence is a state or situation in which all the parts or ideas fit together well so that they form a united whole.
The anthology has a surprising sense of coherence.

Question 5

anthology

Answer 5

An anthology is a collection of writings by different writers published together in one book.
…an anthology of poetry.

Question 6

expeditious

[ˌɛkspɪˈdɪʃəs]

Answer 6

Expeditious means quick and efficient.

The judge said that arbitration was a fair and expeditious decision-making process.

Question 7

arbitration

Answer 7

Arbitration is the judging of a dispute between people or groups by someone who is not involved.

Question 8

utilitarian

[ˌju:tɪlɪˈteriən]

Answer 8

Utilitarian means based on the idea that the morally correct course of action is the one that produces benefit for the greatest number of people.
It was James Mill who was the best publicist for utilitarian ideas on government.
one can learn English for utilitarian purposes without
becoming bicultural.

Question 9

inextricable

[ˌɪnɪkˈstrɪkəbl]

Answer 9

If there is an inextricable link between things, they cannot be considered separately.
However, for many applied linguists, language and culture are inextricable, where culture means the way that people express themselves and interpret the expressions of others as they share a social space and history.

Question 10

formative

Answer 10

A formative period of time or experience is one that has an important and lasting influence on a person’s character and attitudes.
She was born in Barbados but spent her formative years in east London.

Question 11

tacit

Answer 11

If you refer to someone’s tacit agreement or approval, you mean they are agreeing to something or approving it without actually saying so, often because they are unwilling to admit to doing so.
Your silence implies tacit consent to these proposals.
Still, the answers to the question have had a formative influence on language education, either directly through the textbook author’s interpretation of language or the teacher’s, sometimes tacit, assumption about its nature.

Question 12

legion

[ˈlidʒən]

Answer 12

If you say that things of a particular kind are legion, you mean that there are a great number of them.
Misconceptions are legion, even among well-educated people, and not even professional linguists can claim to understand it fully.

Question 13

syllabi

[‘sɪləbaɪ]

Answer 13

an outline or other brief statement of the main points of a discourse, the subjects of a course of lectures, the contents of a curriculum, etc.
In addition to endorsing communicative language teaching and notional-functional syllabi, then, a functional view also holds implications for teaching reading and writing and for realizing one’s educational and professional/occupational ambitions.

Question 14

dichotomy

[daɪˈkɑ:təmi]

Answer 14

If there is a dichotomy between two things, there is a very great difference or opposition between them.
There is a dichotomy between the academic world and the industrial world.

Question 15

notion

Answer 15

A notion is an idea or belief about something.
We each have a notion of just what kind of person we’d like to be…
I’d had a few notions about being a journalist.

Question 16

notional

Answer 16

Something that is notional exists only in theory or as a suggestion or idea, but not in reality.
..the notional value of state assets.
That meant that he, notionally at least, outranked them all.

Question 17

endorse

Answer 17

If you endorse someone or something, you say publicly that you support or approve of them.
In addition to endorsing communicative language teaching and notional-functional syllabi, then, a functional view also holds implications for teaching reading and writing and for realizing one’s educational and professional/ occupational ambitions.
I can endorse their opinion wholeheartedly.

Question 18

evoke

Answer 18

To evoke a particular memory, idea, emotion, or response means to cause it to occur.
A sense of period was evoked by complementing pictures with appropriate furniture.
I have evoked it to support my claim that it is important to understand the implications of a definition of language.

Question 19

faltering

[‘fɔ:ltərɪŋ]

Answer 19

A faltering attempt, effort, or movement is uncertain because the person doing it is nervous or weak, or does not really know what to do.
Normal life is at a standstill, and the economy is faltering.

Question 20

satisfactory

Answer 20

Something that is satisfactory is acceptable to you or fulfills a particular need or purpose.
Neither solution seemed satisfactory.
a satisfactory interface between the two has been elusive.

Question 21

elusive

Answer 21

Something or someone that is elusive is difficult to find, describe, remember, or achieve.
In London late-night taxis are elusive and far from cheap.
Happiness, which had been so elusive in Henry’s life, still evaded him.
it is fair to say that most language educators attend to both forms and functions, although a satisfactory interface between the two has been elusive.

Question 22

discrete

Answer 22

Discrete ideas or things are separate and distinct from each other.
Social structures are not discrete objects; they overlap and interweave.
…instruction manuals that break down jobs into scores of discrete steps.

Question 23

namely

Answer 23

You use namely to introduce detailed information about the subject you are discussing, or a particular aspect of it.
One group of people seems to be forgotten, namely pensioners.
They were hardly aware of the challenge facing them, namely, to re-establish prosperity.