Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio104 > ch.11-14 > Flashcards

ch.11-14 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA 4 types of nucleotides and their pairings

A

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
A=T
C=G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DNA structure

A

double helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does DNA replication require?

A

Unwinding– helices
Complementary base pairing
Joining– DNA polymerase and DNA ligase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

parent strands unwind and separate due to the actions of the helicase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DNA replication in the Eukaryotes

A

Forms “replication bubbles”
bubbles spread in both directions until they meet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Major enzymes
Transcription and Translation
Take a DNA strand and decipher the amino acid code using a codon chart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

RNA structure and function

A

Ribonucleic acid
Uses uracil, not thymine
single stranded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Three major types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA(mRNA)
Transfer RNA(tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA(rRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Messenger RNA(mRNA)

A

produced in the nucleus from the DNA template
carries genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Transfer RNA(tRNA)

A

produced in the nucleus from the DNA template
transfers amino acids ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ribosomal RNA(rRNA)

A

produced in the nucleus
nucleolus of the nucleus from the DNA template
joins proteins to form ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sir Archibald Garrod

A

first to suggest the link between genes and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Transcription

A

DNA serves as a template to make RNA
complementary RNA is made from a DNA template
bases join in order dictated by the sequence of bases in the template DNA strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Translation

A

mRNA directs the sequence of amino acids in a protein
rRNA and tRNA assist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Translation 1

A

tRNA brings amino acids
Anticodon– a group of three bases complementary to a specific codon of mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Translation 2

A

Ribosomes are composed of protein and rRNA
site of translation— protein
P site– for a tRNA attached to a peptide
A site– for newly arrived tRNA with an amino acid

17
Q

Translation 3

A

Initiation: mRNA binds to the small subunit of a ribosome, large subunits then join
Elongation: peptide lengthens 1 amino acid at a time
Termination: 1 of 3 codons reached
release factor causes ribosomal subunits and mRNA to dissociate
complete polypeptide released

18
Q

Lac operon

A

when lactose is present it binds to the repressor

19
Q

Fossil evidence

A

fossils trapped in rock strata are the fossil record that tells us the history of life

20
Q

Finches

A

ground-dwelling finches: beak size depends on the size of the seeds they eat
speciation: formation of new speciation— occurred because the isolated population evolved independently of the mainland population

21
Q

Galápagos island tortoise

A

long-necked tortoises: in dry areas where food is scarce
short-necked tortoises: in most regions with an abundance of food
adaptation: any characteristics that make an organism more suited to its environment

22
Q

Natural Selection

A

mechanism for evolution
the process that results in the evolution of organisms well adapted to their environment

23
Q

Natural selection requires

A

members of a population have heritable variation
more offspring produced than can be supported
individuals with favorable traits to survive and reproduce more than those lacking traits

24
Q

Stabilizing selection(the most common form of selection)

A

occurs when an intermediate phenotype is favored
extreme phenotypes selected against individuals near the average are favored

25
Q

Disruptive selection

A

two or more extreme phenotypes are favored over the intermediate phenotype
British land snails and thrushes

26
Q

Directional selection

A

occurs when an extreme phenotype is favored
occurs when a population is adapting to a changing environment

27
Q

Genetic drift

A

refers to change in allele frequencies of a gene pool due to chance
allele frequencies “drift” over time depending on which member dies, survives, or produces
more likely in small populations
more likely to lose rare alleles

28
Q

Two types of genetic drifts

A

bottle neck
founder effect

29
Q

Bottle neck effect

A

species suffer a near extinction and only a few survivors go on to produce the next generation

30
Q

Founder effect

A

rare alleles occur at a higher frequency in a population isolated from the general population
*alleles carried by founders are dictated by chance alone

31
Q

Genetic mutation

A

ultimate source for allele differences
the adaptive value of mutation depends on current conditions
*no variation without mutation

32
Q

Gene flow

A

“gene migration”
movement of alleles among populations by migration of breeding individuals
can increase variation within the population by introducing novel alleles from another population
continued gene flow reduces differences among populations– can prevent speciation

33
Q

Non Random mating

A

selection of mates according to genotype or phenotype(no chance)
Assortative mating: tend to mate with individuals with the same phenotype
sexual selection: favors characteristics that increase the likelihood of obtaining mates

34
Q

Microevolution

A

individuals did not evolve
as evolution occurs, genetic and phenotypic changes occur within a population
small measurable evolutionary changes within population from generation to generation

35
Q

Hardy Weinburg Equilibrium

A

states that an equilibrium of allele frequencies in a gene pool will remain in equilibrium as long as 5 conditions are met

36
Q

Hardy Weinburg Equilibrium requirements

A

no mutations
no gene flows
random mating
no genetic drifts
no selections

37
Q

Causes of Microevolution

A

genetic mutation
gene flow
nonrandom mating
genetic drift
natural selection

38
Q

Hardy Weinburg Equilibrium formula

A

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

Bio104 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions