ch11/12 Flashcards
albumin/o
albumin (protein)
blast/o
germ/bud/developing cell
glomerul/o
lil ball/glomerulus
gluc/o
sweet/sugar
glyc/o glycos/o
sweet/sugar
meat/o
opening/passage
nephro/o
kidney
pyel/o
renal pelvis
Ren/o
kidney
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
ur/o urin/o
urine
urinary system functions as sanitation engineer of the body maintaining purity and health of bodys fluids by
removing unwanted waste/recyling other materials
kidneys filter gallons of fluid from the bloodstream removing:
metabolic waste/toxins/excess ions/and water
other organs of the urinary systrm besides kidneys:
paired ureters/urinary bladder/urethra
urine is formed by 3 processes occurring in the kidneys:
filtration of the blood to produce filtrate
reabsorption of excess h2o/ions and nutrients in the filtrate
secretion of excess ions as waste into the filtrate
kidneys other functions besides urine:
regulate blood pressure
regulate PH within body fluids
regulate water/salt concentrates
regulate red blood cell production
microscopic subunit of each kidney
nephron
urethra/urinary bladder/ureters are protected by a
mucous membrane
diseases affecting urinary system
diabetes
hypertension
tumors
stones
inherited disorders
heart disease
many diseases can be diagnosed from a urine sample that contains abnormal contents such as:
blood cells
bacteria
albumin(protein in blood)
glucose
creatinine high(protein of metabolism)
an-
without/absence of
dia-
through
dys-
bad/abnormal/painful/difficult
poly-
excessive/many
azot/o
urea/nitrogen
bacteri/o
bacteria
hem/o hemat/o
blood
ket/o keton/o
ketone
noct/o
night
olig/o
few in number
protein/o
protein
py/o
pus
-emia
condition of blood
-uresis
urination
-uria
pertaining to urine/urination
surgical treatment of urinary disease
urology
physician specializing in urinary disease
urologist
field that specializes in kidney disease
nephrology
physician specializing in kidney disease
nephrologist
nephrology is a subspecialty of internal medicine and is often called
renal medicine (ren/o meaning kidney)
clinical procedure that examines composition of urine
urinalysis
andr/o
male
balan/o
gland penis
cervic/o
neck or cervix
cyes/o cyesi/o
pregnancy
embry/o
embryo
epididym/o
epididymis
episi/o
vulva
fet/o
fetus
gravid/o gravidar/o
pregnancy
mamm/o
breast
men/o menstru/o
month menstruation
orchi/o orchid/o
testis
pen/o
penis
semin/o
seed/sperm
sperm/o spermat/o
seed/sperm
test/o
testis testicle
testicul/o
little testicle, testicle
urethr/o
urethra
vas/o
vessel
in both sexes the reproductive system performs the role of producing:
sex cells or gametes in preparation for fertilization and development of new offspring
male gametes are called:
spermatozoa or sperm cells and are produced by the male gonads the testes
the scrotum houses the:
testes/penis/tubes that carry sperm (epididymis,vas deferens,urethra)/and the glands that contribute to semen(seminal vesicles,prostate gland,bulbourethrsl glands)
in addition to sperm cells the testes also produces:
male hormone testosterone
female gametes are called
ova
ova are produced by the female gonads:
the ovaries
female reproductive organs:
ovaries/fallopian tubes/uterus/vagina/vulva
the ovaries produce eggs as well as
female hormones estrogen and progesterone
general function of the reproductive system is to
produce offspring which occurs when the male gamete sperm unites successfully with female gamete ovum. Fertilized egg is the origin of new human life.
once a new life us conceived the developing embryo enters into the segment of life called:
prenatal development
clinical field focused on prenatal development
obstetrics
supports mother during pregnancy/childbirth and during the first mth or so after
obstetrician
because male urethra is responsible for transporting urine and semen disease of the reproductive system is usually treated by
urologist
disease of female reproductive system generally treated by
gynecologist
reproductive disease often diagnosed initially
during physical exam
reproductive systems are subject to:
infections
tumors
endocrine disorders
inherited disease
a-
without or absence of
zo/o
animal/living
-algia
condition of pain
-ia
condition of
-itis
inflammation
-rrhea
discharge
Olig/o
Few in numbet
fluid released during ejaculation is a water fluid and lacks sperm
aspermia
absence of living sperm in semen
azoospermia
abnormal discharge from the glans penis. Symptom of of gonorhea
Balanorrhea
presence of small ulcers on the skin or mucous membranes french for cancer sign of syphilis
Chancres
abnormally low sperm count most common sign of male infertility.
oligospermia
wartlike lesions on the skin & mucous membranes. Sign of STI & HPV. Lesions commonly called genital warts. HPV preventable with vaccine and use condoms
Papilloma
inflammation if the prostate gland sign of BPH or prostate cancer.
Prostatitis
abnormal discharge from the prostate gland
Prostatorrhea
condition of testicular pain also known as orchialgia or orchidalgia
testalgia
inflammation of the urethra, usually sti or uti symptom of irritation of the urethra
urethritis
absence of menstrual discharge in women of childbearing age
amenorrhea
vagina pain associated with sex
colpodynia
colp/o vagina
dynia means condition of pain
symptom of abnormal pain during menstruation.
dysmenorrhea
condition if retained menstrual blood in fallopian tube. Greek salpinx means trumpet
hemat/o/salpinx
fluid accumulation within a fallopian tube sign if inflammation with fallopian tube
hydrosalpinx
literally means white discharge (white or yellow discharge from Vag sign of infection)
leukorrhea
condition of pain in the breast could be sign of fibrocystic breast disease/mastitis/breast cancer/nippe fissure/breast cyst
mastalgia
sign of profuse bleeding during menstruation commonly as heavy periods
menorrhagia
abnormal discharge from uterus between periods. Usually limited to spotting and is not associated with menstruation.
metrorrhagia
abdominal pain occuring during ovulation. German word meaning middle pain because ovulation usually occurs in the middle of the mthly menstrual cycle about 14 days from next cycle. Occurs when bleeding from ovulation irritated the peritoneum
mittelschmerz
abnormally reduced discharge during menstruation may be a sign of reproductive disease
oligomenorrhea
discharge of pus from a fallopian tube sign of infection
pyosalpinx
abnormal discharge of amniotic fluid sign of a ruptured amniotic sac
amniorrhea
difficult (toc-birth)
dystocia
symptoms of severe nausea &emesis (vomiting) during pregnancy. Literally means excessive vomiting when pregnant. Can cause severe dehydration in the mother and fetus if not treated.
hypermesis
an abnormal spontaneous discharge of milk discharge of milk. Usually between nursing or after weaning.
lactorrhea
an excessive production of amniotic fluid during fetal development if not treated can cause unwanted pressure on the fetus and disturb development
polyhydramnios
a sensation of being pregnant when pregnancy doesn’t exist. Literally means false pregnancy.
pseudocyesis (pseud/o false cyesis-pregnancy)
sign of abnormal renal filtration (albumin protein found in urine)
albumin/uria
clinical sign of the inability to pass urine. sign of kidney disease. defined as producing less then 100ml of urine/day. Normal output 800-2000ml/day.
An/uria
sign of abnormally high levels of urea and other nitrogen containing compounds in the blood. Greek azo which means without life.
azot/emia (azot-urea/nitrogen)
abnormal presence of bacteria in the urine sign of urinary tract infection
bacteri/uria
temporary, excessive discharge or urine. Literally means urination through. May be induced by drugs called diuretics to reduce high blood pressure by increasing urine volume
Di/uresis
difficulty or pain experienced during urination. Symptom of urinary tract disease called bacterial infection.
Dys/uria
abnormal presence of glucose (sugar) in the urine is a sign of endocrine disease such as diabetes mellitus
Glycos/uria
abnormal presence of blood in the urine. Sign of urinary system disorder. Means pertaining to bloody urine or urination. An analysis of urine is performed to evaluate kidney function. The beaner contains urine, indicating the sign of blood within the urine which is confirmed by microscopic analysis
hemat/uria
abnormal presence of ketone bodies in the urine. Common sign of: metabolic disorder/high protein-low carb diet/starvation/diabetes mellitus
keton/uria
need to urinate frequently at night. possible symptom of: diabetes mellitus/benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
noct/uria
reduced urination is a clinical problem when the volume of urine declines to less than 500ml within a 24hr period. Possible sign of: kidney disorder/congestive heart failure/dehydration/blockage of urinary tract
Olig/uria
chronic abnormal production of large volumes of urine that requires frequent urination. Common sign of endocrine disease, usually diabetes insipidus/diabetes mellitus
poly/uria
presence of any protein in the urine. Albuminuria is the presence of protein albumin in the urine. Albuminuria is a form of proteinuria
Protein/uria
presence of pus in the urine. Pus is a mixture of white blood celld, bacteria, and cell debris that forms during an infection. Its appearance in urine indicates a urinary tract infection
py/uria
most important part of the urinary system
kidneys
kidney’s function
filter gallons of fluids from bloodstream
kidneys remove _________ and return needed materials back to the blood
metabolic wasted/toxins/excess ions/water in the urine
Organs of the urinary system:
bladder/ureter/urethra/kidney’s/renal artery &vein
3 processes occurring in kidneys
filtration-if blood to produce filtrate
reabsorption- of h2o/ions/nutrients return to bloodstream
secretion-excess ions as waste into the filtrate
other vital functions of kidneys aside from forming urine:
regulating: blood pressure/pH within body fluids/regulation of water,salt concentrates/red blood cell production
urethra/bladder and ureters are protected by ______\ bacteria and viruses are sometimes able to enter the internal organs from the meatus
mucous membrane
aside from infection, diseases that can affect urinary system:
diabetes/hypertension/tumors/stones/inherited disorders/heart disease
many urinary disease are dx from a urine sample that has abnormal contents such as:
blood cells/bacteria/albumin(protein found in blood)/glucose/high levels of creatinine (protein product of metabolism)
female reproductive system includes:
ovaries/fallopian tubes/uterus/vagina/cervix/serosa(perimetrium outside of uterus)/myometrium(innerlayers of uterus)/endometrium(inner lining if uterus)/vulva/frimbriae/fornix/infundibulum
sperm & ova are the female and male:
sex cells called gametes
male reproductive system includes:
scrotum/testicles/penis/vas deferens tubes/urethra/ureter/epididymis
glands that contribute to semen:
seminal vessicles/prostate gland/bulbourethral glands
when a sperm unites with female ovum results in fertilized egg once conceived the developing zygote then embryo enters the
prenatal development
