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A Cert > Ch1: Tree Biology > Flashcards

Ch1: Tree Biology Flashcards

1
Q

abscission zone

A

Area at the base of the petiole where cellular breakdown leads to leaf and fruit drop.

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2
Q

absorbing root

A

Fine, fibrous roots that take up water and minerals. Most absorbing root are within the top 12 in (30 cm) of soil.

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3
Q

adventitious bud

A

Bud arising from a place other than a leaf axil or shoot tip, usually as a result of hormonal triggers.

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4
Q

aerial root

A

Aboveground roots. Usually adventitious in nature and sometimes having unique adaptive functions.

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5
Q

angiosperm

A

Plant with seeds borne in an ovary. Consists of two large groups: monocotyledons (grasses, palms, and related plants) and dicotyledons (most woody trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and related plants). Contrast with gymnosperm.

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6
Q

anthocyanin

A

Red or purple pigment responsible for those color in some parts of trees and other plants. Compare to caroteniod.

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7
Q

antitranspirant

A

Substance applied to the foliage of plants to reduce water loss (transpiration)

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8
Q

apical bud

A

Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot.

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9
Q

apical dominance

A

Condition in which the terminal bud inhibits the growth and development of the lateral buds on the same stem formed during the same season.

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10
Q

apical meristem

A

Growing point at the tips of shoots and roots.

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11
Q

apoplasm

A

Free spaces in plant tissue. Includes cell walls and intracellular spaces. Contrast with symplasm.

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12
Q

auxin

A

Plant hormone or substance that promotes or regulates the growth and development of plants. Produced at sites where cells are dividing., primarily in the shoot tips. Auxin-like compounds may be synthetically produced.

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13
Q

axial transport

A

Movement of water, minerals, or photosynthates longitudinally within a tree.

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14
Q

axillary bud

A

Bud in the axil of a leaf. Lateral bud.

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15
Q

branch bark ridge

A

Raised strip of bark at the top of a branch union, where the growth and expansion of the trunk or parent stem and adjoining branch push the bark into a ridge.

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16
Q

branch collar

A

Area where a branch joins another branch or trunk that is created by the overlapping vascular tissues from both the branch and the truck. Typically enlarged at the base of the branch.

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17
Q

bud

A

(1) Small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a plant that may develop into a flower or shoot. (2) Undeveloped flower or shoot containing a meristematic growing point.

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18
Q

buttress root

A

Roots at the trunk base that help support the tree and equalize mechanical stress.

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19
Q

cambium

A

Thin layer(s) of meristematic cells that give rise (outward) to the phloem and (inward) to the xylem, increasing stem and root diameter.

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20
Q

carbohydrate

A

Compound, combining carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, that is produced by plants as a result of photosynthesis. Sugars and starches.

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21
Q

carotenoid

A

Yellow, orange, or red pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants. Compare to anthocyanin.

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22
Q

cellulose

A

Complex carbohydrate found in the cellular walls of the majority of plants and algae and certain fungi.

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23
Q

chlorophyll

A

Green pigment of plants found in chloroplasts. Captures the energy of the sun and is essential in photosynthesis.

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24
Q

chloroplast

A

Specialized organelle found in some cells. Site of photosynthesis.

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25
Q

CODIT

A

Acronym for Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees.

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26
Q

companion cell

A

Specialized cell in the angiosperm phloem derived from the same parent cell as the closely associated, immediately adjacent sieve-tube member.

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27
Q

compartmentalization

A

Natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms.

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28
Q

cork cambium

A

Meristematic tissue from which the corky, protective outer layer of bark is formed.

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29
Q

cuticle

A

Waxy layer outside the epidermis of a leaf that reduces water loss and resists insect damage.

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30
Q

cytokinin

A

Plant hormone involved in cell division, leaf expansion, and other physiological processes. Compounds with cytokinin-like activity may be synthetically produced.

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31
Q

deciduous

A

Tree or other plant that sheds all of its leaves according to a genetically scheduled cycle as impacted by climate factors (usually during the cold season in temperate zones). Contrast with evergreen.

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32
Q

decurrent

A

Rounded or spreading growth habit of the tree crown. Contrast with excurrent.

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33
Q

differentiation

A

Process in the development of cells in which they become specialized for various functions.

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34
Q

diffuse porous

A

Pattern of wood development in which the vessels and vessel sizes are distributed evenly throughout the annual ring. contrast with ring porous.

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35
Q

dormant

A

In a period of dormancy.

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36
Q

ecology

A

Study of the relationships among organisms and other living and nonliving elements of their environment.

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37
Q

epicormic

A

Arising from a latent adventitious bud (growth point). Usually in reference to a shoot.

38
Q

evergreen

A

Tree or other plant that does not shed all of its foliage annually. Contrast with deciduous.

39
Q

excurrent

A

Tree growth habit characterized by a central leader and a pyramidal crown. Contrast with decurrent.

40
Q

fiber

A

(1) Elongated, tapering, thick-walled cell that provides strength to wood. (2) Smallest component of a rope.

41
Q

frond

A

Large, divided leaf structures found in palms and ferns.

42
Q

geotropism

A

Plant growth produced as a response to the force of gravity, either positive, as in the direction of gravity (roots), or negative, as in opposite the direction of gravity (shoots).

43
Q

heartwood

A

Wood that is altered (inward) from sapwood and provides chemical defense against decay-causing organisms and continues to provide structural strength to the trunk. Trees may or may not have heartwood. Contrast to sapwood.

44
Q

included bark

A

Bark that becomes embedded in a crotch (union) between branch and trunk or between codominant stems. Causes a weak structure.

45
Q

inflorescence

A

Cluster of flowers

46
Q

internode

A

Region of the stem between two successive nodes. Contrast with node.

47
Q

lateral bud

A

Vegetative bud on the side of a stem. Contrast with terminal bud.

48
Q

lateral root

A

Root that arises by cell division in the pericycle of the parent root and then penetrates the cortex and epidermis.

49
Q

leaf axil

A

Point of attachment of a leaf petiole to a stem.

50
Q

lenticel

A

Small opening in the bark that permits the exchange of gases.

51
Q

lignin

A

Organic substance that impregnates certain cell walls to thicken and strengthen the cell to reduce susceptibility to decay and pest damage.

52
Q

meristem

A

Undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place. Found in the root tips, buds, cambium, cork cambium, and latent buds.

53
Q

monocot

A

Plant with an embryo that has one see leaf (cotyledon). Examples are grasses and palms. Contrast with dicotyledon.

54
Q

mycorrhizae

A

Symbiotic association between certain fungi and the roots of a plant.

55
Q

node

A

Slightly enlarged portion of a stem where leaves and buds arise. Contrast with internode.

56
Q

osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential (lower salt concentration) to a region of lower water potential (higher salt concentration).

57
Q

parenchyma cell

A

Thin-walled, living cells essential in photosynthesis, radial transport, energy storage, and production of protective compounds.

58
Q

periderm

A

The outer layers of tissue of woody roots and stems, consisting of the cork cambium and the tissues produced by it, such as bark.

59
Q

petiole

A

Stalk or support axis of a leaf.

60
Q

phloem

A

Plant vascular tissue that transports photosynthates and growth regulators, Situated on the inside of the bark, just outside the cambium. Is bidirectional (transports up and down). Contrast with xylem.

61
Q

photosynthate

A

General term for the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis.

62
Q

photosynthesis

A

Process in green plants (and in algae and some bacteria) by which light energy is used to form glucose (chemical energy) from water and carbon dioxide.

63
Q

phototropism

A

Influence of light on the direction of plant growth. Tendency of plants to grow toward light.

64
Q

plant growth regulator

A

Compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and/or development of plants. May be naturally produced (hormone) or synthetic. See plant hormone.

65
Q

plant hormone

A

Substance produced by a plant that, in low concentrations, affects physiological processes such as growth and development, often at a distance from the substance point of origin. See plant growth regulator.

66
Q

primary growth

A

Root and stem growth in length. Occurs at the apical meristems and lateral meristems of all vascular plants.

67
Q

propagation

A

Process of increasing plant numbers, both sexually and asexually.

68
Q

radial transport

A

Lateral movement of substances, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tree or stem.

69
Q

ray

A

Parenchyma tissues that extend radically across the xylem and phloem of a tree and function in transport , storage, structural strength, and defense.

70
Q

reaction zone

A

Natural boundary formed chemically within a tree to separate damaged wood from existing healthy wood. Important in the process of compartmentalization.

71
Q

respiration

A

In plants, process by which carbohydrates are converted into energy by using oxygen.

72
Q

ring porous

A

Pattern of wood development in which the large-diameter vessels are concentrated in the earlywood. Contrast with diffuse porous.

73
Q

root crown

A

Area where the main roots join the plant stem, usually at or near ground level. Root collar.

74
Q

root initiation zone

A

Region at the base of a palm stem where lateral roots emerge.

75
Q

root mat

A

Dense network of roots near the base of a palm.

76
Q

sapwood

A

Outer wood (xylem) that is active in longitudinal transport of water and minerals. Contrast with heartwood.

77
Q

secondary growth

A

Increase in root and stem girth or diameter. Occurs at lateral meristems in some vascular plants such as dicots.

78
Q

sieve cell

A

Long, slender phloem cell in gymnosperms.

79
Q

sieve tube element

A

Specialized phloem cells involved in photosynthate transport. Exist only in angiosperms.

80
Q

sink

A

Plant part that uses or stores more energy than it produces.

81
Q

sinker root

A

Downward-growing roots that provide anchorage and take up water and minerals. Especially useful during periods of drought.

82
Q

source

A

In physiology, plant part that produces carbohydrates. Mature leaves are this.

83
Q

stomata

A

Small pores, between two guard cells on the undersides of leaves and other green plant parts, through which gases are exchanged and water loss is regulated.

84
Q

symplasm

A

Entire mass of protoplasm of all cells in a plant, interconnected by plasmodesmata. Contrast with apoplasm.

85
Q

tap root

A

Central, vertical root growing directly below the main stem or trunk that may or may not persist into plant maturity.

86
Q

temperate

A

Region lying between the tropics and the poles that has relatively moderate temperatures.

87
Q

terminal bud

A

Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot. Apical bud. Contrast with lateral bud.

88
Q

tracheid

A

elongated, tapering xylem cell adapted for the support and transport of water and elements.

89
Q

transpiration

A

Water vapor loss through the stomata of leaves.

90
Q

tropism

A

Tendency of growth or variation of a plant in response to an external stimulus such as gravity or light.

91
Q

vessel

A

End-to-end, tubelike, water-conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms.

92
Q

xylem

A

main water- and mineral-conducting (unidirectional, up only) tissue in trees and other plants. Provides structural support. Arises (inward) from the cambium and becomes wood after lignifying. Contrast with phloem.

A Cert (16 decks)

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