Ch.1 terms

Question 1

covalent bond

Answer 1

chemical bond formed when two atoms share on or more pairs of electrons, stable molecule

Question 2

Ionic bond

Answer 2

type of chemical bond formed through the electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions

Question 3

macromolecule

Answer 3

large complex molecules essential for life including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, usually made from smaller subunits

Question 4

adhesion

Answer 4

tendency of molecule of different substances to stick together often due to intermolecular forces

Question 5

capillary action

Answer 5

ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without external forces driven by adhesion and cohesion

Question 5

cohesion

Answer 5

attraction between molecules of the same substance which helps to hold them together

Question 6

dehydration

Answer 6

chemical reaction that combines two molecules by removing water often used to form larger organic compounds like polymers

Question 7

high heat of vaporization

Answer 7

amount of energy required to convert a substance from a liquid to a gas at its boiling point which is particularly high for water

Question 8

hydrolysis

Answer 8

chemical reaction that breaks down compounds by adding water

Question 9

polarity

Answer 9

property of molecules that have a distribution of electrical charge leading to a positive and negative end, affecting their interactions with other molecules

Question 10

specific heat

Answer 10

amount of heat required to change the temp of a substance by one degree celsius

Question 11

ribose

Answer 11

5 carbon sugar that is in RNA, involved in various metabolic processes

Question 12

deoxyribose

Answer 12

5 carbon sugar that is in DNA different from ribose by one absence of oxygen atom

Question 13

disaccharide

Answer 13

carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharide units linked together by a glycosidic bond, ex sucrose or lactose

Question 14

polysaccharide

Answer 14

complex carbohydrate formed by the linkage of many monosaccharides, energy storage (starch/ glycogen) or structural support (cellulose)

Question 15

complex carbohydrate

Answer 15

made up of multiple sugar molecules linked together, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, slower to digest and provide sustained energy

Question 16

plasma membrane

Answer 16

outer boundary of a cell that regulates movement in and out the cell

Question 17

triacylglycerol

Answer 17

type of lipid formed from three fatty acid molecules linked to a glycerol molecule, major form of energy storage in animals

Question 18

glycerol

Answer 18

three carbon alcohol, forms the backbone of triacylglycerols and phospholipids with hydroxyl

Question 19

fatty acid

Answer 19

long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end, can be saturated or unsaturated, key component of lipids

Question 20

saturated

Answer 20

fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms, a straight chain structure and maximum hydrogen saturation

Question 21

unsaturated

Answer 21

fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms, bends in the chain and fewer hydrogen atoms

Question 22

steroid

Answer 22

type of lipid with 4 ring carbon structure (hormones)

Question 23

van Der Waals force

Answer 23

weak non covalent interactions that occur between molecules or parts of molecules, stabilizing structures of protein and lipids

Question 24

phospholipid

Answer 24

lipid molecule composed of two fatty acids, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group, important to membrane structure and function

Question 25

peptide bond

Answer 25

covalent bond formed between carboxyl group of one amino acid and amino group of another, releases water molecule and linking the amino acids in a chain

Question 26

peptide

Answer 26

short chain of amino acids, fewer than 50 amino acids

Question 27

polypeptide

Answer 27

longer chain of amino acids, 50 or more amino acids, can fold into a functional protein

Question 28

primary structure

Answer 28

linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, determined by genetic code

Question 29

secondary structure

Answer 29

local folding of the polypeptide chain into specific shapes, primarily stabilized by hydrogen bonds (alpha helices and beta sheets)

Question 30

alpha helix

Answer 30

common secondary structure in proteins where the polypeptide chain coils into a helical shape, stabilized by hydrogen bonds between amino acids

Question 31

beta sheet

Answer 31

secondary structure formed when segments of a polypeptide chain lie parallel or antiparallel to each other and are linked by hydrogen bonds, making a sheet like appearance

Question 32

tertiary structure

Answer 32

overall 3D shape of a polypeptide formed by the interactions between the side chains (R groups) of the amino acids, including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges

Question 33

quaternary structure

Answer 33

assembly of multiple polypeptide chains into a single functional protein complex, stabilized by various interactions such as hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions

Question 34

nitrogenous base

Answer 34

nitrogen containing molecule that acts as a building block of nucleic acids

Question 35

purine

Answer 35

type of nitrogenous base that has a double ring structure (adenine and guanine)

Question 36

pyrimidine

Answer 36

type of nitrogenous base that has a single ring structure (cytosine and thymine in DNA, uracil in RNA replace thymine)

Question 37

directionality

Answer 37

orientation of nucleic acid strand, 5’ to 3’ direction

Question 38

5’ end

Answer 38

end of nucleic acid strand that has a free phosphate group attached to the fifth carbon of the sugar molecule

Question 39

3’ end

Answer 39

end of nucleic acid strand that has a free hydroxyl group attached to the third carbon of the sugar molecule