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Fundamental Neurobiology > ch1 studying the nervous system > Flashcards

ch1 studying the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

gene

A

comprises both coding DNA sequences (exons) that are the templates for messenger RNA that will ultimately be translated into a protein, and regulatory DNA sequences (promoters and introns) that control whether and in what quantities a gene is expressed in a given cell type

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2
Q

genetic anaylsis

A

the analysis of the relationship btw single genes and the phenotypes to which each gene contributes

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3
Q

genomics

A

the comprehensive analysis of nuclear DNA sequences within or btw species or individuals

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4
Q

synapse

A

the junctions btw neurons where info is passed from one to the other; typically refers to chemical synapses where a physical cleft exists btw communicating neurons, but could also refer to electrical synapses mediated by gap junctions

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5
Q

the brain is surrounded by

A

cerebrospinal fluid, meninges, and ventricles

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6
Q

3 layers of meninges

A

dura, arachnoid, pia

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7
Q

superior

A

above

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8
Q

posterior

A

behind

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9
Q

inferior

A

below

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10
Q

anterior

A

in front of

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11
Q

rostral

A

towards the head/front

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12
Q

caudal

A

towards the tail/back

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13
Q

neocortex

A

the six-layered cortex that forms the surface of most of the cerebral hemisperes

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14
Q

6 layers of neocortex

A
  • molecular layer
  • external granular layer
  • external pyramidal layer
  • internal granular layer
  • internal pyramidal layer
  • fusiform or multiform layer
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15
Q

archicortex

A

the simplest and most primitive division of the cerebral cortex, which occurs in the hippocampus

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16
Q

function of archicortex

A

processing smells and forming memories

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17
Q

3 layers of archicortex

A

polymorphic
pyramidal
molecular layer

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18
Q

functions of neocortex

A

cognition, action, sensation, consciousness

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19
Q

subcortical regions

A

striatum
thalamus
cerebellum
midbrain

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20
Q

grey matter

A

regions of the central nervous system rich in neuronal cell bodies and neuropil; includes the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, the nuclei of the brain, and the central portion of the spinal cord

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21
Q

white matter

A

a general term that refers to regions of the brain and spinal cord containing large axonal tracts; abundance of myelin

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22
Q

striatum

A

general term applied to the caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens and other minor divisions of the ventral basal forebrain

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23
Q

thalamus

A

a collection of nuclei that forms the major component of the dorsal diencephalon
primary role to interact with neural circuits in the cerebral cortex

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24
Q

cerebellum

A

prominent hindbrain structure concerned with motor coordination, posture, and balance

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25
hippocampus
a cortical structure in the dorsomedial margin of the parahippocampal gyrus. concerned with short-term declarative memory
26
histology
study of tissue structure, organization of the parts
27
two parts of neurons
soma neurites (axons and dendrites)
28
neuron doctrine
the nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells
29
cajal's contribution to the neuron doctrine
neural circuitry neurons communicate by contact, not continuity
30
parts of the soma
cytosol - watery fluid inside the cell (potassium rich) organelles: nucleus - genetic transcription mitochondria - energy rough ER - translation, protein building golgi apparatus/smooth er - folding and packaging
31
the neuronal membrane
- barrier that encloses cytoplasm - ~5nm thick - protein conc in membrane varies - structure of discrete membrane regions influences neuronal function - excitable bc of the special proteins in the membrane and the internal/external environment
32
cytoskeleton
- not static - internal scaffolding of neuronal membrane - three "bones"
33
three bones of the cytoskeleton
microtubules microfilaments neurofilaments
34
axon
myelin wrapped
35
axon hillock
beginning of axon
36
axon proper
middle of axon
37
axon terminal
end of axon
38
differences btw axon and soma
ER does not extend into axon protein composition is unique diameter active/passive transmission
39
differences btw the cytoplasm of axon terminal and axon
no microtubules in terminal presence of synaptic vesicles abundance of membrane proteins large number of mitochondria
40
microtubule
transport structure that carries substances to the axon terminal
41
presynaptic membrane
encloses molecules that transmit chemical messages
42
synaptic vesicle
round granule that contains neurotransmitter
43
storage granule
large compartment that holds synaptic vesicles
44
synaptic cleft
small space separating presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic dendritic spine
45
postsynaptic receptor
site to which a neurotransmitter molecule binds
46
postsynaptic membrane
contains receptor molecules that receive chemical messages
47
dendrodendritic
dendrites send messages to other dendrites
48
axodendritic
axon terminal of one neuron synapses on dendritic spine of another
49
axoextracellular
terminal with no specific target. secretes transmitter into ecf
50
axosomatic
axon terminal ends on cell body
51
axosynaptic
axon terminal ends on another terminal
52
axoaxonic
axon terminal ends on another axon
53
axosecretory
axon terminal ends of tiny blood vessel and secretes transmitter directly into blood
54
anterograde
soma to terminal
55
retrograde
terminal to soma
56
dendrites
- antennae of neurons - neuronal processes arising from the nerve cell body that receive synaptic input
57
dendritic spine
postsynaptic (receives signals from axon terminal) - increased numbers associated with learning and memory
58
classification of neurons based on number of neurites
- single neurite (unipolar; soma and dendrite) - two or more neurites (bipolar, multipolar; soma and two or more dendrites)
59
classification of neurons based on dendritic and somatic morphologies
overall shape - stellate cells (star shaped) - pyramidal cells (pyramid shaped) - spiny - aspinous
60
classification of neurons based on connection within the CNS
- primary sensory neurons - motor neurons - interneurons
61
classification of neurons based on axonal length
- Golgi type I = projection (long axons; far communication) - golgi type II = interneuron (short axon; close/local communication)
62
classification of neurons based on neurotransmitter type
- cholinergic = acetylcholine at synapse
63
function of glia
supports neuronal functions take up transmitters, regulate ionic environment, provide structure, insulate
64
astrocytes
most numerous glia in the brain fill spaces btw neurons influence neurite growth form blood-brain barrier
65
oligodendrocytes
class of glial cell found in CNS lay down myelin - facilitates the efficient generation and rapid conduction of action potentials
66
schwann cells
glial cells found in PNS lay down myelin
67
primary functions of the CNS
1. creating a sensory reality 2. integrating info 3. producing behavior/response
68
gap junctions
specialized intercellular contacts formed by channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells

Fundamental Neurobiology (16 decks)

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