Ch.1 Scientific Thinking Flashcards
Biology
Study of life
Genetics
How genes and and characteristics move from one generation to another
3 characteristics of life
1: all life is based on cells
2: all life is able to acquire energy from environment through metabolism
3: all life is able to reproduce independtly
Level of organization
1: atoms (simplest form of matter)
2: molecules and macromolecules (collection of atoms)
3: cells (collection of macromolecules and assembles of macromolecules)
4: tissues (collections of different types of cells )
5: organs (collection of tissues)
6: organisms (collection of organs)
7: population (collection of organisms of the same species)
8: community (collection of population of many different species)
9: ecosystem (collection of different communities)
10: biosphere (collection of all ecosystems on planet earth)
Evolutionary history
1: life began on earth as primitive cells: 3.5 to 4 billion years ago
2: does primitive cells underwent evolutionary change
Evolutionary change
Modifications of characteristics and pre-existing populations
To mechanisms of evolutionary change
A) vertical descent with modification
1: progression of changes in a lineage
2: New species evolve from pre-existing species by the accumulation of mutations
3: natural selection takes advantage of beneficial mutations
B) horizontal gene transfer
1: genetic exchange between different species
2: relatively rare
3: Gene for antibiotic resistance are sometimes transferred between different bacteria species
Taxonomy
Grouping of species based on common ancestry
Three domains
A. Bacteria- uni cellular prokaryote
B. Archaea- unicellular prokaryote
C. Eukarya- unicellular to multicellular eukaryotes
Four kingdoms
Protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
Binomial nomenclature
Amphiprion ocellaris= ocellaris clownfish
2: genus name capitalized
3: specific epithet or species descriptors is not capitalized
Genome
A. Complete genetic makeup of an organism
Genomics
Techniques used to analyze DNA sequence in genomes
Proteomes
Complete complement of Proteins to a cell or organism can make using the genome that carries information to make its Proteomes
Proteomics
Techniques used to analyze the proteomes of a single species or to compare proteomes of different species
Gene expression
DNA—>RNA—>proteins—>traits
Hypothesis
Proposed explanation
Theory
Broad generalization of some aspect of the natural world that is substantiated By a large body of evidence
Law or principle
Universal truth considered correct under all conditions
Summary
A) always valid (law)
B) repeatedly tested (theory)
C) narrow in scope (hypothesis)
Scientific method five stages
Make observations Form a hypothesis Test hypothesis Analyze data Form a conclusion
Elements common to most experiments
1: treatment- any experimental condition applied to individuals
2: experimental group- a group of individuals who are exposed to a particular treatment
3: control group- a group of individuals treated identically to the experimental group except they are not exposed to the treatment
4: variables- characteristics of your experimental system that are subject to change
5: statistics- a set of analytical and mathematical tools designed to help researchers gain understanding from the data they gather
Science
Study of the natural life