CH1: Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards
6 levels of structural organization?
The chemical level:
The cellular level:
The tissue level:
The organ level:
The system level:
The organismal level:
Name the 11 systems of the body, their main function and components:
Reproductive: Works to produce gametes which unite to form organism, gonads release hormones to regulate reproduction and other body processes. Involves gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females), and associated organs, such as the clitoris, vagina, epididymis, penis, prostate etc
Endocrine: Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers from transported in blood from endocrine or tissue to target organ). Involves hormone producing gland, such as pineal gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, ovaries, testes and other hormone producing cells in organs
Muscular: Participates in body movement, generates heat and maintains posture. Involves muscle tissue, including cardiac, skeletal and smooth
Integumentary: Protects the body, provides insulation and stores fat, maintain body temperature, detect changes in environment through sensations, helps make vitamin D. Involves the skin and associated structures, such as fingernails and toenails, hair, sweat glands and oil glands
Nervous: Generates action potential (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities. Detect changes in body’s internal and external environment, intereprets change and responds through muscular contraction or glandular secretions. Involves the brain, spinal cord, neurons, and special sense organs, such as the eye and ears
Digestive: Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients and removes solid wastes. Involves organs of gastrointestinal tract, (tube connecting the mouth, pharnyx, esophagus, small and large intestines, and accessory organs, such as pancreas, liver, gallbladder etc
Cardiovascular: Heart pumps blod through blood vessels, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries away carbon dioxide and wastes, and helps regulate acid-base concentrations, body temperature, and containing disease fighting white blood cells. Involves blood, heart and blood vessels
Urinary: Produces, stores and eliminates urine, eliminate waste and regulate volume and composition of blood and maintain body’s mineral composition. Involves kidney, urethra, nephrons, ureter.
Respiratory: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from from blood to exhaled air. Helps regulate acid-base balance and produce sound through the larnyx. Involves the lungs, pharnyx and larnyx, trachea, bronchioles and bronchi, and alveoli
Lymphatic: Returns proteins and fluids to blood, contains site of maturation and proliferation of B and T cells that protect against disease causing microbes. Involves lymph plasma and lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and b and t cells.
Skeletal: Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids. Involves bones and associated joints and cartilages.
4 tissues of the body?
Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands
Connective tissue connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues
Muscular tissue contracts to make body parts move and in the process generates heat
Nervous tissue carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses
Name and describe the basic components of a feedback loop
The stimulus is any change to a controlled condition
A receptor is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends inputs to a control center, through something called an afferent pathway. The inputs come through nerve impulses or chemical signals
A control center, like the brain, sets the narrow range or set point within a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates inputs from receptors, and generates output commands as needed, usually through chemical signals or nerve impuls. This is called an efferent pathway.
An effector is a body structure that receives outputs from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition. Nearly every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an effector
Name the planes used to divide the body
Saggital/Longitudinal: Divides body into left or right sides, if passes through midline, it is the median plance, if off center, it is the paramedian plane
Coronal plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior sections
Transversal plane: A horizontal plane that divides body into posterior and anterior plane
An oblique plane: Intersects the body at any angle other than 90 degrees (diagonally)
List the cavities discussed and organs found within them
There are two large cavities in the body, the ventral cavities and dorsal cavities
The ventral cavities include the cranial and vertebral cavities
- The cranial cavity houses the brain and is formed by cranial bones
- The vertebral cavity houses the spinal cord and nerve endings and is formed by the vertebral column
The dorsal cavities include the thoracic cavities and the abdominopelvic cavities, separated by the diaphragm
- The thoracic cavities is further divided into 3 cavities
- The right and left pleural cavitites: House the lungs
- The pericardial cavity: Houses the heart
- The mediastinum: The central part of the thoracic cavity: houses the heart, esophagus, thymus gland and trachea
- The abdominopelvic cavities can be divided into 2 cavities
- The abdominal cavity, which contains the visceral organs, like the stomach, gall bladder, pancreas, kidneys
- The pelvic cavities, which contain the distal part of large intestine, rectum urinary bladder and so on
List the serous cavities in the body and what they line
Serous membranes are thin, double-layered membranes that line the ventral cavities and lubricate them, reducing friction
The pericardium and pleura cover the heart and lungs respectively. The peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity
List the two ways the abdominal cavity is divided for viewing
First method uses two horizontal and vertical lines, other method uses one transverse and one median line to form right and left upper and lower quadrants.
List the different medical imaging devices dicussed and how they work and what they are used for
Radiography: Uses X-rays to view structures of the body. Hollow and fluid filled structures are black, dense tissue like bones are white and intermediate densities like fat are varying colors of grey. A contrast media is needed to make structures that are hollow or liquid filled visible. This can be inserted orally, rectally or injected Low density x-rays are good for viewing soft tissue such as the breast and bone densities, while contrast x-rays are used for viewing blood vessels, the gI system and urinary system
MRI uses principles of NMR to manipulate the movement of protons in a magnetic field, which then flip spin and radiowaves cause the release of energy when the spin is reverted. OFten used for soft tissue and issues with soft tissues, brain tumors, artery clogs etc. Produces a 2/3D image.
CT/CAT scan: CT scans use computer assisted radiography, which traces an arc at multiple angles around a section of the body. The resulting transverse section of the body, called a CT scan, is shown on a video monitor. Visualizes soft tissues and organs with much more detail than conventional radiographs. Whole-body CT scanning typically targets the torso and appears to provide the most benefit in screening for lung cancers, coronary artery disease, and kidney cancers
Ultrasounds: Uses high frequency sound waves on a hand held device which are detected on an instrument. Image is called a sonagram, and can be moving. Often used to visualize a fetus.
Coronary (CARDIAC) Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) SCAN: Used to determine blockages of blood vessels. Produces a highly detailed image of the heart. A contrast dye, like iodine, is injected into a vein, and like in CT, X-ray are directed at the body frorm various angles, and detectors dectect absoroption, and a computer processes the data from the detectors to create detailed cross-sectional images of the heart and coronary arteries
Positriron Emission Topography (PET scan): Uses positrons injected into human tissue which collide with negatively charged ions to produce low level gamma rays, is detected and presented as a colored video/image, which show varying levels of activity. Often used for metabolism of the heart/brain.
Endoscopy: Involves the visual examination of the inside of body organs or cavities using a lighted instrument with lenses called an endoscope. The image is viewed through an eyepiece on the endoscope or projected onto a monitor. Used to examine the colon, some organs, and interior of some joints.
