Ch1: Chemical, Cellular, & Evolutionary Foundations of Life

Question 1

Studies of cognition, behavior, biomechanics, & philosophy are all ways of approaching _____

Answer 1

Biology

Question 2

The act of viewing the world around us is _____

Answer 2

Observation

Question 3

A disciplined & controlled way of asking & answering questions about the world in an unbiased manner

Answer 3

Experimentation

Question 4

Predictions, observations, & experiments can lead to a good _____

Answer 4

Hypothesis

Question 5

We can test hypotheses because they make _____

Answer 5

Predictions

Question 6

A statement about nature that can be tested by experiments or by new observations is called _____

Answer 6

A hypothesis

Question 7

Several test groups are set up, the conditions & setup of each group are kept as similar as possible. This is an example of what kind of experiment?

Answer 7

A controlled experiment

Question 8

An experiment is set up with each test group being similar in setup & conditions. Something different is then introduced into one of these groups. This new addition is referred to as _____

Answer 8

A variable

Question 9

When you introduce something new into a control group, this group turns into _____

Answer 9

A test group

Question 10

A control group has no ____

Answer 10

Variable

Question 11

Using observations to generate a hypothesis & then make predictions based on that hypothesis are 2 steps in what is sometimes called _____

Answer 11

The Scientific Method

Question 12

The process of making observations, asking questions and seeking answers, reading the scientific literature, & communicating findings all describe what?

Answer 12

Scientific Inquiry

Question 13

When a number of related hypotheses survive repeated testing & are supported by a large body of experiments & observations, they form a _____

Answer 13

Theory

Question 14

A good _____ generates good hypothesis & predicts their outcomes

Answer 14

Theory

Question 15

True or false: relatively simple organisms (ex: bacterium) contain few chemical compounds

Answer 15

False: even microscopic & more simple organisms contain thousands of different chemical compounds that are organized in a complex manner

Question 16

When organisms take in material & energy from the environment & use those resources to grow & do work they are doing what?

Answer 16

Metabolizing

Question 17

_____ have:

-cells
-the ability to respond to the environment, metabolize, & reproduce
- the ability to evolve

Answer 17

Living organisms

Question 18

Which of the following is not true?:

Living & nonliving entities both have:

A: the same chemical elements
B: cells
C: the ability to be subjected to the laws of chemistry
D: the ability to be subjected to the laws of physics

Answer 18

B: only living organisms have cells

Question 19

Properties of carbon make up diverse _____ that support a wide range of functions within cells

Answer 19

Molecules

Question 20

The 1st Law of Thermodynamics states that:

Answer 20

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form to another

Question 21

“The degree of molecular disorder in the universe tends to increase” is describing what?

Answer 21

The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Question 22

Organisms get energy from The Sun or chemical compounds. This energy is released in the form of _____ & _____

Answer 22

Heat and work

Question 23

The amount of disorder that measures the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics is referred to as _____

Answer 23

Entropy

Question 24

True or False:

Living organisms can only come from other organisms.

Answer 24

True: Through research and experiment it has become known that life cannot appear spontaneously

Question 25

_____ is the simplest entity that can exist as an independent unit of life

Answer 25

The cell

Question 26

All _____ have: -a discrete boundary separating the interior & exterior environments -a stable blueprint of molecular info -the ability to harness materials & energy from the environment

Answer 26

Cells

Question 27

What separates the living material within a cell from the outside environment around the cell?

Answer 27

The cell membrane (plasma membrane)

Question 28

True or false: Cells can only have a single membrane

Answer 28

False: many cells have additional, internal membranes that divide the cell into different compartments for specific functions

Question 29

The cells DNA is housed by _____

Answer 29

The nucleus

Question 30

The nuclear membrane selectively controls movement of _____ into & out of it

Answer 30

Molecules

Question 31

Everything enclosed inside of the cell membrane except for the nucleus (if present)

Answer 31

Cytoplasm

Question 32

Prokaryotes are cells _____ a nucleus

Answer 32

Without

Question 33

Eukaryotes are cells _____ a nucleus

Answer 33

With

Question 34

Bacteria, Archaea, & Eukarya make up the 3 _____ of Life

Answer 34

Domains

Question 35

Bacteria & Archaea are prokaryotes because they are mostly _____ microorganisms that lack a nucleus

Answer 35

Single-celled

Question 36

True or false: Eukarya do not have a nucleus & are thus Prokaryotic

Answer 36

False: Eukarya have a nucleus & are Eukaryotic cells

Question 37

Through cell division, info can be _____ to other cells

Answer 37

Transmitted

Question 38

Molecules that provide structure & do much of the work of the cell are called _____

Answer 38

Proteins

Question 39

A cells: -internal architecture -shape -ability to move -chemical reactions All depends on _____

Answer 39

Proteins

Question 40

The process of DNA into RNA is called _____

Answer 40

Transcription

Question 41

Process from RNA to proteins is called _____

Answer 41

Translation

Question 42

The process of DNA ➡️ RNA ➡️ protein is referred to as _____

Answer 42

The Central Dogma

Question 43

Specific stretches or segments of DNA according to the proteins they encode

Answer 43

Genes

Question 44

Serves as a template for new strands of DNA during replication

Answer 44

Double-Helix

Question 45

Changes to the DNA sequence

Answer 45

Mutation

Question 46

The chemical reactions where cells convert energy from one form to another & build or break down molecules is called _____

Answer 46

Metabolism

Question 47

ATP provides accessible _____ energy that enables cells to carry out work

Answer 47

Chemical

Question 48

A change in the genetic makeup in a population over time is called _____

Answer 48

Evolution

Question 49

Variations in the environment that cause variations in individuals is called _____ variation

Answer 49

Environmental

Question 50

Differences in the genetic material that is transmitted from parents to offspring is called _____ variation

Answer 50

Genetic

Question 51

True or false: If mutations are not corrected they can be passed down to the next generation

Answer 51

True: (example: parent smokes cigarettes - causes lung cancer - offspring inherits lung cancer in their genes)

Question 52

All of the evolutionary relationships among all organisms form the Tree of _____

Answer 52

Life

Question 53

The study of how organisms interact with one another & with their environment is called _____

Answer 53

Ecology

Question 54

_____ relationships reflect the anatomical, physiological, & behavioral traits of organisms in nature

Answer 54

Ecological

Question 55

Human actions _____ the population of other species both plants & animals A: help expand B: reduce C: both help & harm D: do nothing to

Answer 55

C: Humans help expand some species’ populations while reducing other populations sometimes to the point of extinction