Ch.1 &Ch.3 Flashcards
Which activity is an example of biotechnology?
Escherichia coli producing human insulin
Which area of biology states that living things undergo gradual structural and functional changes over long periods of time?
Evolution
Which of the following is a taxon that contains all the other taxa listed?
Kingdom
The number one worldwide infectious diseases are ______.
respiratory diseases
Which of the following historical microbiologists is incorrectly paired with his contribution to the science?
Louis Pasteur: demonstrated that anthrax was caused by a bacterium
Which scientific name is written correctly?
Staphylococcus aureus (I)
Which of the following is a unique characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from the other major groups of microorganisms?
Lack cell structure
Microorganisms are best defined as organisms that _______.
are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
Members of the same species share many more characteristics compared to those shared by members of the same kingdom.
true
Which scientific field is involved in the identification, classification, and naming of organisms?
Taxonomy
Which of the following is a scientific name?
Streptococcus pyogenes (I)
The microorganisms that recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter and wastes are called ______.
decomposers
Select the correct descending taxonomic hierarchy (left to right).
Family, genus, species
The smallest and most significant taxon is a ______.
species
When assigning a scientific name to an organism, _______.
both genus and species names are italicized or underlined
The incidence of deaths from communicable disease is ______ in the United States compared to the entire world.
less
All bacteria and archaea are microorganisms, but only some eukaryotes are microorganisms.
true
Eukaryotic cells are larger than bacterial or archaeal cells; all cells are larger than macromolecules. Where do viruses fit on this scale?
Viruses are smaller than bacterial or archaeal cells, but larger than macromolecules.
Among these types of microorganisms, the ______ are noncellular.
viruses
The majority of oxygen in earth’s atmosphere is a product of photosynthesis by ______.
microorganisms
A mnemonic for remembering the taxonomic levels from Domain to Species is “Dear King Phillip Came Over for Good Soup.” The word “came” here is a reminder of the taxonomic level of ______.
class
Koch’s postulates are criteria used to establish that ______.
a specific microbe is the cause of a specific disease
The scientific method involves formulating a tentative explanation, called the hypothesis, to account for what has been observed or measured.
true
When humans manipulate the genes of microorganisms, the process is called ______.
genetic engineering
In the experiments constructed by Pasteur to disprove spontaneous generation, swan-necked flasks were used. Why was this shape of flask used in this experiment?
The glass necks needed to be open to the air, yet constructed so that bacteria would settle in the lowest part of the neck.
Many chronic medical conditions have been found to be associated with microbial agents.
true
The sum total of all the microbes in a certain environment is termed the ______.
microbiome
Among these types of microorganisms, the ______ are noncellular.
Viruses
Which group of microorganisms is composed only of hereditary material wrapped in a protein covering?
Viruses
In general, eukaryotic cells are about ______ times larger than bacterial or archaeal cells.
10
Disease-causing microorganisms are called ______.
pathogens
In which way are bacteria and eukaryotes the same?
Possess a cell membrane
Which of the following is a traditional human use of microorganisms?
Baking bread
The majority of oxygen in earth’s atmosphere is a product of photosynthesis by ______.
microorganisms
Studies of the immune response to an infection caused by microorganisms would be performed by a/an _______.
immunologist
Sterile is best described as ______.
absence of any life forms and viral particles
Mixed cultures are also referred to as contaminated cultures.
False
The procedures for culturing a microorganism require the use of a microscope.
False
The term that refers to the purposeful addition of microorganisms into a laboratory nutrient medium is ______.
inoculation
All of the following are examples of different types of microbiological media except ______.
Petri dish
Which type of microscope shows cells against a white background?
Bright-field
Bacteria that require special growth factors and complex nutrients are termed ______.
fastidious
Which of the following is produced by adding 1% to 5% agar to nutrient broth that is then boiled and cooled?
A solid medium
Following a properly-performed Gram stain, Gram-positive bacteria will appear as pink or red cells.
False
The bending of light rays as they pass from one medium to another is called refraction.
True
Which type of medium would be the best choice when shipping a sample of bacteria from a clinic to a laboratory for testing?
Transport medium
The three physical forms of laboratory media are ______.
solid, semisolid, and liquid
Agar is an important component of media because _______.
agar provides a solid surface for bacterial growth
Which of the following is not an inoculating tool?
Petri dish
Some microbes are not capable of growing on artificial media as pure cultures.
True
The Five I’s of studying microorganisms include all of the following except ______.
Infection
The correct microbiological term for the sample of specimen that is put into a nutrient medium to produce a culture is ______.
inoculum
A selective medium contains one or more substances that inhibit growth of some microbes to facilitate the growth of other desired microbes.
True
Newly inoculated cultures must be _____ at a specific temperature and time to encourage growth.
incubated
Fixed smears of specimens are required to perform the Gram stain or the endospore stain.
True
The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually-transmitted infection gonorrhea. Although it can be isolated from the vagina, there are numerous normal biota in that location as well. To generate a pure culture of this pathogenic bacterium, the best choice is a/an ______.
selective medium
The correct microbiological term for the sample of specimen that is put into a nutrient medium to produce a culture is ______.
inoculum
The procedures for culturing a microorganism require the use of a microscope.
False
Fixed smears of specimens are required to perform the Gram stain or the endospore stain.
True
A microbiologist makes a fixed smear of bacterial cells and stains it with methylene blue. All cells appear blue under the oil immersion lens. This is an example of ______.
simple staining
The term that refers to the purposeful addition of microorganisms into a laboratory nutrient medium is ______.
Inoculation
Newly inoculated cultures must be _____ at a specific temperature and time to encourage growth.
incubated
A microbiologist inoculates Staphylococcus aureus into a culture medium. Following incubation, both Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are determined to be growing in this culture. What is the most likely explanation?
The culture was contaminated
Which type of microscope bombards a whole, metal-coated specimen with electrons moving back and forth over it?
Scanning electron
Mixed cultures are also referred to as contaminated cultures.
False
Which type of microscope does not use light in forming the specimen image?
Electron
The Gram staining procedure is best described as a ______ staining technique.
differential
Comparing transmission electron microscopy withscanning electron microscopy, the following statement is true.
Transmission EM is used for internal detail of cells and subcellular structures
Which type of microscope cannot image live specimens?
Electron
A pure culture contains _______.
only one identified species of microorganism
Which type of microscope achieves the greatest resolution and highest magnification?
Electron
A medium that is gel-like has less agar in it compared to a solid medium.
True
Eosin-methylene blue agar, or EMB, is a commonly used bacteriological medium forgrowing gram-negative bacteria from complex environments. It contains two dyes, eosin and methylene blue, as well as the sugar lactose. Eosin is a pH indicator that changes color when the medium is acidic, while methylene blue inhibits the growth of most gram-positive bacteria. If an organism consumes lactose, acid will be produced, causing the bacterial colonies to change color.
Based upon this description, this medium is ______.
differential and selective
The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually-transmitted infection gonorrhea. Although it can be isolated from the vagina, there are numerous normal biota in that location as well. To generate a pure culture of this pathogenic bacterium, the best choice is a/an ______.
selective medium
Following a properly-performed Gram stain, Gram-positive bacteria will appear as pink or red cells.
False
