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Behavioral Sciences Review > Ch.1-Biology and Behavior > Flashcards

Ch.1-Biology and Behavior Flashcards

0
Q

Pierre Flourens (1764-1867)

A

studied parts of brain through extirpation/ablation (surgical removal of brain portions)

discovered removal effects entire system and weakens brain

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1
Q

Franz Gall (1758-1828)

A

Developed doctrine of Phrenology (head expands with brain activities)

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2
Q

William James (1842-1910)

A

Father of American Psychology

Formed functionalism- a study how mental processes help ones adaptation to the environment

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3
Q

John Dewey (1859-1952)

A

Criticized reflex arc

believed psych focus on organism as a whole for environmental adaptation

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4
Q

Hermann Von Helmholtz (1821-1894)

A

First to measure speed of a nerve impulse

Credited moving psych into field of natural sciences

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5
Q

Paul Broca (1824-1880)

A

First to demonstrate that specific impairments are linked to specific brain lesions

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6
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington (1857-1952)

A

Inferred existence of synapses

Believed synaptic transmissions were electrical when they are in fact chemical

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7
Q

Sensory/Afferent neurons

A

Transmit sensory info from receptors to spinal cord and brain

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8
Q

Motor/Efferent neurons

A

Transmit motor info from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

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9
Q

Interneurons

A

Most numerous type
linked to reflexes
located everywhere but mainly brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

Reflex Arc

A

path through which reflexes act.

ex. stepping on a nail. muscles react before pain reaches brain

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11
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

PNS

A

Somatic and autonomic;

made of nerve tissue and fibers outside of CNS

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13
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

sensory and motor neurons in skin, joints, muscles

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14
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic;
regulates heartbeat, respiration, digestion, glandular secretion, INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES, body temperature(sweating or piloerection)

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15
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Conserve energy;
reduce heart rate; constrict bronchi
digestion; inc peristalsis and exocrine secretions.
nerve III, VII, IX, X

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16
Q

Nerve III

A

Constricts pupils

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17
Q

Nerve VII

A

Saliva flow pupil constriction

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18
Q

Nerve IX

A

stimulates saliva flow

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19
Q

Nerve X

A 
Vagus Nerve
Constricts Bronchi
Slows heart beat
stimulates peristalsis and secretion 
Stimulates bile
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20
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Stress activated

  • increase heart rate
  • blood redistribution
  • increase [blood glucose]
  • relax bronchi
  • Decrease digestion/peristalsis
  • dilated eyes
  • release epinephrine
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22
Q

meninges

A

thick sheath of connective tissue covers brain; protection, anchors brain, resorts cerebrospinal fluid
3 layers: Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

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23
Q

brain stem

A

most primitive region of brain

consists of hindbrain and midbrain

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24
limbic system
mainly emotion and memory | also pleasure, aggression, fear, pain
25
cerebral cortex
complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes language, problem solving, long term planning, impulse control
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prosencephalon (Forebrain)
``` made of: telencephalon- Cerebral cortex basal ganglia limbic system diencephalon- thalamus hypothalamus posterior pituitary gland pineal gland ```
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basal ganglia
movement
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thalamus
sensory relay station | except for smell
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hypothalamus
hunger and thirst, emotion Feeding Fighting Flighting Functioning -sexual
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mesencephalon (Midbrain)
made of inferior(auditory) and superior(visual) colliculi sensorimotor reflexes receives sensory and motor impulses
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rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
Cerebellum medulla oblongata reticular formation
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cerebellum
originates from the metencephalon refined motor movements posture, balance i.e. alcohol impairs this area
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medulla oblongata
originates from the myelencephalon | vital functions: breathing, digestion, heart rate, BP
34
reticular formation
arousal/ alertness
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Pons
Originates from the metencephalon | lies above medulla, contains sensory and motor pathways between cortex and medulla
36
Neuropsychology
study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain
37
Cortical maps
collection of data of the identified functions of parts of the brain via electrodes
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EEG
electroencephalogram | electrodes on scalp-- detects seizures sleep and brain lesions
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rCBF
regional cerebral blood flow detects neural activity based on regional increased blood flow - patient inhales radioactive gas machine detects radioactivity in bloodstream --> CT scans, PET scans, MRIs
40
Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)
``` detects hunger and thirst Lacks Hunger (LH) ```
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Ventrimedial Hypothalamus (VMH)
provides signals to stop eating | Very Much Hungry
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Anterior Hypothalamus
Controls sexual behavior Also regulate sleep and body temp A-Asexual
43
Posterior Pituitary gland
releases ADH (anti diuretic hormone)
44
Pineal Gland
Secretes melatonin - regulates circadian rhythms
45
Basal Ganglia
Coordinate muscle movement relays via the extra pyramidal motor system to brain and spinal cord helps with smooth movements and steady posture
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extra pyramidal motor system
Gathers information about body position and carries this to the CNS
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Parkinson's disease
Jerky movements, uncontrolled resting tremors Destruction of portions of the basal ganglia -Loss of dopaminergic neurons
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Septal Nuclei
one of the primary pleasure centers | related to addictive behavior
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amygdala
defensive and aggressive behaviors | fear and rage
50
hippocampus
learning and memory | communicated through fornix
51
anterograde amnesia
Can not retain new memories after brain injury to hippocampus ex. momento, gajani
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retrograde amnesia
memory loss before brain injury to hippocampus
53
cerebral cortex
aka. neocortex(new cortex) | gyri( bumps) sulci( folds) inc. surface area
54
Frontal Lobe
prefrontal cortex and motor cortex and Broca's area | executive function
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prefrontal cortex
supervises and directs(meaning tells) operations of other brain regions (perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, long term planning)
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association area
integrates info from various brain regions | ex. prefrontal cortex solve complex puzzle
57
projection area
areas that facilitate simple perceptual and motor tasks ex. visual cortex, motor cortex
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primary motor cortex
located in precentral gyrus | initiates voluntary motor movements
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Broca's area
speech production | found in left hemisphere
60
somatosensory cortex
located on post central gyrus | all incoming sensory signal for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
61
central parietal lobe
3d spatial processing, orientation of oneself and objects
62
Visual cortex
``` aka striate(striped) cortex visual processing ```
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auditory cortex
Located in temporal lobe sound processing - ex. speech, music, etc.
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Wernicke's area
In temporal lobe | language reception and comprehension,memory processing, emotion
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contralaterally
Left side controls right side body | ex. movements
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ipsilaterally
same side controls same side body ex. hearing
67
dominant hemisphere
Left | managed details, language logic and math skills
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non-dominant hemisphere
right | intuition, creativity, music cognition, spatial processing
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Acetylcholine
PNS- used to transmit nerve impulses CNS- attention and arousal Used in both sympathetic (innervating sweat glands) and parasympathetic
70
Catecholamines
Aka- monoamines/ biogenic amines Deal with emotions Ex. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
71
Epinephrine
Control alertness and wakefulness Primary neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system Fight or flight
72
Dopamine
Smooth movements and postural stability
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Schizophrenia
Imbalance of dopamine Origin- dopamine hypothesis of schizo Too much dopamine -- hallucinations
74
Serotonin
Relating mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming Too much = manic stress Too little = depression
75
GABA
GAMMA-aminobutyric acid Inhibits post-synaptic potentials Stabilizes neural activity in the brain
76
Neuromodulators
Neuropeptides- slow and longer effects | Ex. Endorphins
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Endorphins and Enkephalins
Most important peptides Natural pain killers Similar to morphine and opiods
78
Hypophyseal portal system
Connects pituitary gland and hypothalamus | Paracrine release of hormones occurs here
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Pituitary gland
Anterior part- "master" : releases hormones and regulated endocrine gland activities Controlled by the hypothalamus
80
Adrenal gland
Located on top of the kidneys | Two parts: adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
81
Adrenal medulla
Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
82
Adrenal cortex
``` Releases corticosteroids(special hormones) such as stress hormone cortisol Also releases sex hormones ```
83
Gonads
Sex glands | Increases sex hormone levels and libido
84
Nature vs. Nurture
Genetics and behavior Family studies - traits amongst family Twin studies- MZ(100%) vs DZ (50%) Adoption studies- iQ is heritable
85
Neurulation
First part in development of nervous system - ectoderm begins to furrow--> neural groove (surrounded by brutal folds)
86
Neural crest
Leading edge of the neural fold | Disparate tissue formation (dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes, calcitonin[thyroid relates]
87
Alar plate
Differentiates into sensory neurons | in nervous system development
88
Basal plate
Differentiates into motor neurons | in nervous system development
89
umbilical cord
attaches fetus to uterine wall and to placenta
90
placenta
transmits food, oxygen, and water to fetus - returns waste to mother
91
thalidomide
prescribed for morning sickness | resulted in moms giving birth to babies with missing and malformed limbs and defects
92
rooting reflex
turning of the head when cheek is touched- nipple during feeding
93
Moro reflex
abrupt head movements leads to flinging of arms out and slow retraction with crying (disappears after 4 months)
94
Babinski reflex
toes spread apart when sole of foot is stimulated
95
grasping reflex
infants closing of hands around object
96
Gross motor skills
large muscle groups | sitting, crawling, and walking
97
fine motor skills
smaller muscles | fingers, toes, eyes
98
stranger anxiety
fear and apprehension of unfamiliar individuals
99
separation anxiety
fear of being separated from parent

Behavioral Sciences Review (1 decks)

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