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Behavioral Sciences Review > Ch.1-Biology and Behavior > Flashcards

Ch.1-Biology and Behavior Flashcards

0
Q

Pierre Flourens (1764-1867)

A

studied parts of brain through extirpation/ablation (surgical removal of brain portions)

discovered removal effects entire system and weakens brain

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1
Q

Franz Gall (1758-1828)

A

Developed doctrine of Phrenology (head expands with brain activities)

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2
Q

William James (1842-1910)

A

Father of American Psychology

Formed functionalism- a study how mental processes help ones adaptation to the environment

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3
Q

John Dewey (1859-1952)

A

Criticized reflex arc

believed psych focus on organism as a whole for environmental adaptation

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4
Q

Hermann Von Helmholtz (1821-1894)

A

First to measure speed of a nerve impulse

Credited moving psych into field of natural sciences

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5
Q

Paul Broca (1824-1880)

A

First to demonstrate that specific impairments are linked to specific brain lesions

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6
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington (1857-1952)

A

Inferred existence of synapses

Believed synaptic transmissions were electrical when they are in fact chemical

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7
Q

Sensory/Afferent neurons

A

Transmit sensory info from receptors to spinal cord and brain

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8
Q

Motor/Efferent neurons

A

Transmit motor info from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

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9
Q

Interneurons

A

Most numerous type
linked to reflexes
located everywhere but mainly brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

Reflex Arc

A

path through which reflexes act.

ex. stepping on a nail. muscles react before pain reaches brain

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11
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

PNS

A

Somatic and autonomic;

made of nerve tissue and fibers outside of CNS

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13
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

sensory and motor neurons in skin, joints, muscles

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14
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic;
regulates heartbeat, respiration, digestion, glandular secretion, INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES, body temperature(sweating or piloerection)

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15
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Conserve energy;
reduce heart rate; constrict bronchi
digestion; inc peristalsis and exocrine secretions.
nerve III, VII, IX, X

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16
Q

Nerve III

A

Constricts pupils

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17
Q

Nerve VII

A

Saliva flow pupil constriction

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18
Q

Nerve IX

A

stimulates saliva flow

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19
Q

Nerve X

A 
Vagus Nerve
Constricts Bronchi
Slows heart beat
stimulates peristalsis and secretion 
Stimulates bile
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20
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Stress activated

  • increase heart rate
  • blood redistribution
  • increase [blood glucose]
  • relax bronchi
  • Decrease digestion/peristalsis
  • dilated eyes
  • release epinephrine
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22
Q

meninges

A

thick sheath of connective tissue covers brain; protection, anchors brain, resorts cerebrospinal fluid
3 layers: Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

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23
Q

brain stem

A

most primitive region of brain

consists of hindbrain and midbrain

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24
Q

limbic system

A

mainly emotion and memory

also pleasure, aggression, fear, pain

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25
Q

cerebral cortex

A

complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes

language, problem solving, long term planning, impulse control

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26
Q

prosencephalon (Forebrain)

A 
made of:
telencephalon-
  Cerebral cortex
  basal ganglia
  limbic system
diencephalon-
  thalamus
  hypothalamus 
  posterior pituitary gland
  pineal gland
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27
Q

basal ganglia

A

movement

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28
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay station

except for smell

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29
Q

hypothalamus

A

hunger and thirst, emotion

Feeding
Fighting
Flighting
Functioning -sexual

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30
Q

mesencephalon (Midbrain)

A

made of inferior(auditory) and superior(visual) colliculi
sensorimotor reflexes
receives sensory and motor impulses

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31
Q

rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

A

Cerebellum
medulla oblongata
reticular formation

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32
Q

cerebellum

A

originates from the metencephalon
refined motor movements
posture, balance

i.e. alcohol impairs this area

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33
Q

medulla oblongata

A

originates from the myelencephalon

vital functions: breathing, digestion, heart rate, BP

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34
Q

reticular formation

A

arousal/ alertness

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35
Q

Pons

A

Originates from the metencephalon

lies above medulla, contains sensory and motor pathways between cortex and medulla

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36
Q

Neuropsychology

A

study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain

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37
Q

Cortical maps

A

collection of data of the identified functions of parts of the brain via electrodes

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38
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram

electrodes on scalp– detects seizures sleep and brain lesions

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39
Q

rCBF

A

regional cerebral blood flow
detects neural activity based on regional increased blood flow

  • patient inhales radioactive gas
    machine detects radioactivity in bloodstream

–> CT scans, PET scans, MRIs

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40
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)

A 
detects hunger and thirst 
Lacks Hunger (LH)
41
Q

Ventrimedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

A

provides signals to stop eating

Very Much Hungry

42
Q

Anterior Hypothalamus

A

Controls sexual behavior
Also regulate sleep and body temp
A-Asexual

43
Q

Posterior Pituitary gland

A

releases ADH (anti diuretic hormone)

44
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Secretes melatonin - regulates circadian rhythms

45
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Coordinate muscle movement
relays via the extra pyramidal motor system to brain and spinal cord
helps with smooth movements and steady posture

46
Q

extra pyramidal motor system

A

Gathers information about body position and carries this to the CNS

47
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Jerky movements, uncontrolled resting tremors

Destruction of portions of the basal ganglia -Loss of dopaminergic neurons

48
Q

Septal Nuclei

A

one of the primary pleasure centers

related to addictive behavior

49
Q

amygdala

A

defensive and aggressive behaviors

fear and rage

50
Q

hippocampus

A

learning and memory

communicated through fornix

51
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

Can not retain new memories
after brain injury to hippocampus
ex. momento, gajani

52
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

memory loss before brain injury to hippocampus

53
Q

cerebral cortex

A

aka. neocortex(new cortex)

gyri( bumps) sulci( folds) inc. surface area

54
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

prefrontal cortex and motor cortex and Broca’s area

executive function

55
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

supervises and directs(meaning tells) operations of other brain regions (perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, long term planning)

56
Q

association area

A

integrates info from various brain regions

ex. prefrontal cortex solve complex puzzle

57
Q

projection area

A

areas that facilitate simple perceptual and motor tasks

ex. visual cortex, motor cortex

58
Q

primary motor cortex

A

located in precentral gyrus

initiates voluntary motor movements

59
Q

Broca’s area

A

speech production

found in left hemisphere

60
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

located on post central gyrus

all incoming sensory signal for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

61
Q

central parietal lobe

A

3d spatial processing, orientation of oneself and objects

62
Q

Visual cortex

A 
aka striate(striped) cortex
visual processing
63
Q

auditory cortex

A

Located in temporal lobe
sound processing
- ex. speech, music, etc.

64
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

In temporal lobe

language reception and comprehension,memory processing, emotion

65
Q

contralaterally

A

Left side controls right side body

ex. movements

66
Q

ipsilaterally

A

same side controls same side body

ex. hearing

67
Q

dominant hemisphere

A

Left

managed details, language logic and math skills

68
Q

non-dominant hemisphere

A

right

intuition, creativity, music cognition, spatial processing

69
Q

Acetylcholine

A

PNS- used to transmit nerve impulses
CNS- attention and arousal
Used in both sympathetic (innervating sweat glands) and parasympathetic

70
Q

Catecholamines

A

Aka- monoamines/ biogenic amines
Deal with emotions
Ex. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

71
Q

Epinephrine

A

Control alertness and wakefulness
Primary neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system
Fight or flight

72
Q

Dopamine

A

Smooth movements and postural stability

73
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Imbalance of dopamine
Origin- dopamine hypothesis of schizo
Too much dopamine – hallucinations

74
Q

Serotonin

A

Relating mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming
Too much = manic stress
Too little = depression

75
Q

GABA

A

GAMMA-aminobutyric acid
Inhibits post-synaptic potentials
Stabilizes neural activity in the brain

76
Q

Neuromodulators

A

Neuropeptides- slow and longer effects

Ex. Endorphins

77
Q

Endorphins and Enkephalins

A

Most important peptides
Natural pain killers
Similar to morphine and opiods

78
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

Connects pituitary gland and hypothalamus

Paracrine release of hormones occurs here

79
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Anterior part- “master” : releases hormones and regulated endocrine gland activities
Controlled by the hypothalamus

80
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Located on top of the kidneys

Two parts: adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

81
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

82
Q

Adrenal cortex

A 
Releases corticosteroids(special hormones) such as stress hormone cortisol
Also releases sex hormones
83
Q

Gonads

A

Sex glands

Increases sex hormone levels and libido

84
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

Genetics and behavior
Family studies - traits amongst family
Twin studies- MZ(100%) vs DZ (50%)
Adoption studies- iQ is heritable

85
Q

Neurulation

A

First part in development of nervous system - ectoderm begins to furrow–> neural groove (surrounded by brutal folds)

86
Q

Neural crest

A

Leading edge of the neural fold

Disparate tissue formation (dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes, calcitonin[thyroid relates]

87
Q

Alar plate

A

Differentiates into sensory neurons

in nervous system development

88
Q

Basal plate

A

Differentiates into motor neurons

in nervous system development

89
Q

umbilical cord

A

attaches fetus to uterine wall and to placenta

90
Q

placenta

A

transmits food, oxygen, and water to fetus - returns waste to mother

91
Q

thalidomide

A

prescribed for morning sickness

resulted in moms giving birth to babies with missing and malformed limbs and defects

92
Q

rooting reflex

A

turning of the head when cheek is touched- nipple during feeding

93
Q

Moro reflex

A

abrupt head movements leads to flinging of arms out and slow retraction with crying (disappears after 4 months)

94
Q

Babinski reflex

A

toes spread apart when sole of foot is stimulated

95
Q

grasping reflex

A

infants closing of hands around object

96
Q

Gross motor skills

A

large muscle groups

sitting, crawling, and walking

97
Q

fine motor skills

A

smaller muscles

fingers, toes, eyes

98
Q

stranger anxiety

A

fear and apprehension of unfamiliar individuals

99
Q

separation anxiety

A

fear of being separated from parent

Behavioral Sciences Review (1 decks)

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