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Anatomy & Phys for Speech, Language, and Hearing > ch1 Basic Elements of Anatomy > Flashcards

ch1 Basic Elements of Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

refers to the study of the structure of an organism

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2
Q

Dissection

A

cutting of parts of the organism

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3
Q

Physiology

A

the study of the function of the living organism and its parts, as well as the chemical processes involved

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4
Q

Applied anatomy

A

clinical anatomy; the application of anatomical study for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases (in relation to surgical procedures)

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5
Q

Descriptive anatomy

A

systematic anatomy; the desc. of individual parts of the body w/o reference to disease conditions

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6
Q

Gross anatomy

A

study of the body and its parts as visible w/o the aid of microscopy

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7
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

study of the structure of the body by means of microscopy

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8
Q

Surface anatomy

A

study of the body and its surface markings as related to underlying structures

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9
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

study of anatomy with reference to growth and development from conception to adulthood

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10
Q

Pathological anatomy

A

study of the parts of the body with respect to the pathological entity

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11
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

study of the homologous structures of different animals

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12
Q

Respiratory physiology

A

the study of function in respiration; concerned with all processes involved in breathing

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13
Q

Cytology

A

the discipline that examines structure and function of cells

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14
Q

Histology

A

the microscopic study of cells and tissues

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15
Q

Osteology

A

the study of structure and function of bones

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16
Q

Myology

A

the study that examines muscle form and function

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17
Q

Arthrology

A

studies the joints that unite the bones

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18
Q

Angiology

A

the study of the blood vessels and the lymphatic system

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19
Q

Neurology

A

the study of the nervous system

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20
Q

Thorax

A

the chest region; the part of the body btw the diaphragm and the seventh cervical vertebra

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21
Q

Abdomen

A

belly; the region represented externally as the anterior abdominal wall

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22
Q

Trunk stands for?

A

torso

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23
Q

Caput

A

the head; it rests atop the trunk or the torso

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24
Q

What are the 2 components of the skull?

A

-the cranial portion and the facial part

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25
Q

Cranial portion of the skull

A

houses the brain and its components

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26
Q

Facial Part of the skull

A

the part of the skull that houses the mouth, pharynx, nasal cavity, and structures related to the upper airway and mastication (chewing)

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27
Q

what is the Anatomical position?

A

the body is erect and the palms, arms and hands face forward.

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28
Q

Axial skeleton

A

the head and trunk, with the spinal column being the axis

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29
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

portion of the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones or cartilage that support upper and lower limbs

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30
Q

neuraxis

A

the axis of the brain

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31
Q

Frontal section

A

coronal; divides the body into front and back halves

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32
Q

Sagittal section

A

any cut that divides the body into left and right portions

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33
Q

If you cut the body into left and right halves what would you have then?

A

Mid-sagittal section

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34
Q

Anterior

A

refers to the front surface of a body

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35
Q

Posterior

A

opposite of anterior; towards the back or rear

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36
Q

Dorsal

A

pertaining to the back of the body or distal

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37
Q

Rostral

A

“toward the head”, but within the cranium it refers to structure anterior to another

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38
Q

Peripheral

A

refers to being away from the center to another

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39
Q

Superficial

A

on or near the surface

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40
Q

Deep

A

further from the surface; closer to the axis of the body

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41
Q

Superior

A

above, farther from the ground

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42
Q

Inferior

A

below, closer to the ground

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43
Q

What 2 terms are used to describe a person’s present position?

A

prone and supine

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44
Q

Prone

A

laying on the belly, back facing up

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45
Q

Supine

A

laying on the back, chest facing up

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46
Q

Lateral

A

towards the side

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47
Q

Proximal

A

nearest to the point of attachment or some point of reference

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48
Q

Flexion

A

refers to bending at a joint, usually towards the ventral surface

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49
Q

Extension

A

the opposite of flexion; being the act of pulling two ends farther apart.

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50
Q

Hyperextension

A

extreme extension; dorsiflexion

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51
Q

Plantar

A

pertaining to the sole of the foot

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52
Q

Plantar grasp reflex

A

a reflex in which stimulation of the sole of the foot causes the toes of the feet to “grasp”.

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53
Q

Inversion

A

used to describe the sole of the foot turned inwards

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54
Q

Eversion

A

used to describe the sole of the foot turned outwards

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55
Q

Palmar

A

pertaining to the palm of the hand

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56
Q

Pronate

A

to place in the prone position

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57
Q

Supinate

A

to place in the supine position

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58
Q

what does “ipsi” mean?

A

same

59
Q

when a singular word ends in “a”, the plural form ends in..

A

ae (ex: pleura; pleurae)

60
Q

what a singular word ends in “us”, the plural form ends in…

A

i (ex: locus; loci)

61
Q

when a singular word ends in “um”, the plural form ends i…

A

a (ex: datum; data)

62
Q

Distal

A

toward the midline of a free extremity

63
Q

Medial

A

being away from the midline of a free extremity

64
Q

What are the 4 types of body tissues?

A

1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
4) Nervous

65
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

refers to the superficial (outer) layer of mucous membranes and the cells constituting the skin.

66
Q

Basement membrane

A

made of primarily collagen, underlies epithelial tissue, important in the process of directing growth patterns for epithelial cells

67
Q

Connective tissue

A

made up of the cell matrix; purpose is for support and protection; can be solid, liquid or gel-like

68
Q

Matrix

A

intercellular material within which the cells of this tissue are bound

69
Q

Areolar tissue

A

loose connective tissue that is supportive in nature

70
Q

Interstitial

A

the space or gap between organs

71
Q

Adipose tissue

A

areolar tissue that is highly impregnated with fat cells

72
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

specialized connective tissue found in tonsils and adenoids

73
Q

Fibrous tissue

A

binds structures together and may contain combinations of fiber types.

74
Q

White fibrous tissue

A

strong, dense, and highly organized. found in ligaments and facial muscles

75
Q

Yellow elastic tissue

A

found where connective tissue must return to its original shape after being distended; cartilage of trachea or bronchial passageway

76
Q

Collagenous fibers

A

reticular fibers; provide a flexible structure to fibrous connective tissue

77
Q

elastic fibers

A

provide recoil to this tissue where needed

78
Q

Cartilage

A

firm, white connective tissue that has strength and elasticity properties

79
Q

Tensile strength

A

keeps the cartilage fibers from being easily separated when pulled

80
Q

Compressive strength

A

lets cartilage retain its form by being resistant to crushing, compressing forces

81
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

smooth, glassy with blue cast, type of cartilage that allows for fluent movement in surfaces of bones

82
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

contains collagenous fibers, providing the cushion btw the vertebrae of the spinal column as well as the “mating surface” for the TMJ btw the lower jaw and the skull

83
Q

Blood

A

connective tissue that has a matrix and is made up of plasma

84
Q

Bone

A

hardest of the connective tissues; both in compact or spongy

85
Q

Compact bone

A

characterized microscopically by its lamellar or sheetlike structure

86
Q

Spongy bone

A

bone that appears to be porous. This is where bone marrow is found

87
Q

Fibroblasts

A

responsible for production of the extracellular matrix, so we are able to synthesize and secrete protein

88
Q

Striated muscle

A

skeletal muscle; somatic; voluntary; “striped appearance”

89
Q

Smooth muscle

A

includes the muscular tissue of the digestive tract and blood vessels; involuntary

90
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

composed of cells that interconnect in a net-like fashion; involuntary

91
Q

Autonomic

A

involuntary nervous system

92
Q

Nervous tissue

A

a highly specialized communicative tissue. consists of neurons or nerve cells

93
Q

Function of the nervous system

A

transmit info from one neuron to another, from neurons to muscles, or from sensory receptors to other neural structures

94
Q

Organs

A

aggregates of tissues with functional unity

95
Q

Fascia

A

a band that surrounds organs, being a sheetlike membrane that may be either dense or filmy, thin or thick.

96
Q

What is striated muscle surrounded by?

A

perimysium

97
Q

Ligaments

A

a short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.

98
Q

Visceral ligaments

A

bind organs together or hold structures in place

99
Q

Skeletal ligaments

A

must withstand great pressure, as they are responsible for binding bone to bone

100
Q

Tendons

A

provide a means of attaching muscle to bone or cartilage

101
Q

Morphology

A

the form of the muscles they serve

102
Q

Aponeurosis

A

when a tendon is sheetlike, denser that fascia, they can retain the longitudinal orientation

103
Q

What is the point of articulation?

A

the point where bones are joined

104
Q

What makes cartilage important?

A

it has elasticity properties that bones lack

105
Q

Fibroblasts

A

the cells that facilitate bone repair, found in the inner layer of periosteum

106
Q

Joints

A

the union of bones with other bones, or cartilage with other cartilage

107
Q

How are joints classified?

A

the degree of movement they permit; high mobility, limited mobility to no mobility

108
Q

Diarthrodial joints

A

high mobility joints

109
Q

Amphiarthrodial joints

A

limited mobility joints

110
Q

Synarthrodial joints

A

no mobility joints

111
Q

Synarthrodial joints are also

A

fibrous joints

112
Q

Amphiarthrodial joints are also

A

cartilaginous joints

113
Q

Diarthrodial joints are also

A

synovial joints

114
Q

3 types of Fibrous joints?

A

1) syndesmosis
2) sutures
3) gomphosis

115
Q

Syndesmosis joints

A

fibrous joints that are bound by fibrous ligaments but have little movement

116
Q

Sutures

A

joints btw bones of the skull that are not intended to move at all

117
Q

Gomphosis

A

a hole and peg arrangement type of joint; incl a socket and tooth, a final joint and a plane joint

118
Q

2 types of Cartilaginous joints?

A

1) synchondrosis

2) symphysis

119
Q

Synchondrosis

A

the cartilaginous union is maintained and ossifies over time as we age

120
Q

Symphysis

A

growing together; found btw the pubic bones or btw the disks of the vertebral column

121
Q

7 types of Synovial joints?

A

1) Plane synovial
2) Spheroid or reciprocal
3) Condylar joints
4) Ellipsoid joints
5) Trochoid joint
6) Saddle joint
7) Hinge joint

122
Q

what is synovial fluid?

A

a lubricating substance, and around which is an articular capsule

123
Q

What are 3 ways to describe a synovial joint?

A

simple or composite

124
Q

Plane synovial joints

A

gliding joints; those in which the the mating surfaces of the bone are more or less flat

125
Q

Spheroidal joint

A

a ball and socket joint, where one member of the union has a concave portion and the other member has a convex portion

126
Q

Condylar joints

A

more shallow versions of the ball-and-socket joint, permitting more limited movement

127
Q

Ellipsoid joints

A

these joints permit a wide range of movements, but no rotation

128
Q

Trochoid joint (pivot joint)

A

a joint designed for the purpose of rotation, consists of a bony process protruding into space.

129
Q

Saddle joint (sellar joint)

A

sellar joint; one member of this is convex, like a saddle, while the other concave member “sits” on the saddle

130
Q

Hinge joint (ginglymus)

A

acts like a hinged door, one member rotates on that joint with a limited range, permitting only flexion and extension

131
Q

Epimysium (for muscles)

A

a fascia of connective tissue surrounds muscles, and muscles are endowed with a tendon to permit attachment to skeletal structure

132
Q

Agonists

A

muscles that move a structure, prime movers

133
Q

Antagonists

A

muscles that oppose a given movement

134
Q

What is a synergist?

A

group of muscles that stabilize structures

135
Q

Innervated

A

to be supplied by a single nerve

136
Q

Afferent innervation

A

sensory in nature

137
Q

Efferent innervation

A

excitatory in nature

138
Q

Motor unit

A

consists of one efferent nerve fiber and the muscle fibers to which it attaches. every muscle fiber will be innervated

139
Q

Muscular system

A

the anatomical system that includes smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle

140
Q

Skeletal system

A

the anatomical system that includes the bones and cartilages that make up the body

141
Q

Respiratory system

A

the physical system involved in respiration, incl the lungs, bronchial passageway, trachea, larynx, pharynx, oral cavity, and nasal cavity

142
Q

Phonatory system

A

the system including the laryngeal structures through which phonation is achieved

143
Q

Articulatory system

A

in speech science, the system of structures involved in shaping the oral cavity for production of the sounds of speech

144
Q

Resonatory system

A

the portion of the vocal tract through which the acoustical product of vocal fold vibration resonates (usually the oral, pharyngeal, and nasal cavities combined; sometimes referring to only the nasal cavities and nasopharynx.)

Anatomy & Phys for Speech, Language, and Hearing (2 decks)

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