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Biology 2nd Secondary > Ch1- Autotrophic nutrition > Flashcards

Ch1- Autotrophic nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Nutrition

A

Nutrition is the the scientific study of food and the various modes of nutrition

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1
Q

Importance of nutrition

A
  1. Important source of vital processes of the body, as it provides the body with energy
  2. Food is needed for growth and the repair of worn out cells
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2
Q

Adaptation of root hair to its function

A
  1. Thin wall to permit passage of water
  2. Large number to increase SA of water absorption
  3. Secretes vicious substance to: Help penetrate the soil- Fix the plant
  4. Solution concentration in it is more than that of the soil to help water pass from soil to root hair by osmosis
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3
Q

Diffusion

A

It’s the movement of molecules from high to low conc. due to the continuous free motion of the molecules of diffused substance

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4
Q

Osmosis

A

It’s the diffusion of water from high to low conc. passing through a semi permeable membrane

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5
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

It’s the pressure which causes the diffusion of water from high to low conc. passing through a semi permeable membrane
As concentration of solute inc. osmotic pressure inc.

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6
Q

GRF cells act as an osmotic system

A

Due to the difference in conc. of water between cells which creates osmotic pressure that leads to osmosis from high to low conc. through a semi permeable membrane

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7
Q

Imbibition

A

It’s the ability of the organic solid particles (Colloidal substances) to absorb liquids and increase in volume

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8
Q

Hydrophilic compounds such as

A 
Sugar
Cellulose
Protien
Lignin 
Pectin
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9
Q

Water passes from root cells to xylem

A

1) Osmosis: through cell vacuole due to difference in osmotic pressure
2) Plasmodesmata: osmosis from one cortex cell to another
3) Imbibition: through cell walls and intercellular spaces

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10
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

The network of fine cytoplasmic strands connecting the protoplasm of cells together

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11
Q

Casparian strip

A

It’s the endodermal cells on which the lateral walls are covered by SUBERIN
To prevent lateral movement of water and direct water only to xylem
Through Plasmodesmata by osmosis

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12
Q

Macro-Nutrients + examples

A

Elements needed in big quantities
Eg: Calcium
Magnesium
Nitrogen

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13
Q

Micro-Nutrients + examples

A

Elements needed in very small quantities (Trace elements, coenzymes)
Eg: Zinc
Chlorine
Manganese

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14
Q

What happens if: Macro or Micro nutrients are absent

A

It may lead to the stop of plant growth

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15
Q

Absorption of minerals takes place by:

A

Diffusion of ions
Selective Permeablity
Active transport

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16
Q

Active transport

A

It’s the transfer of substances using chemical energy obtained from respiration against concentration gradient

17
Q

Importance of photosynthesis

A
  1. Source of energy: chemical energy stored in food
  2. Human Economic: fibers used in textile fabrics as paper and wood, others industries as fats, alcohol, vinegar
  3. Fuel source: petroleum, coal, natural gas are from solar energy obtained from plants
  4. Source of oxygen: 21% of oxygen in air is a product of photosynthesis
18
Q

Importance of Glucose

A
  1. Broken during respiration to give energy
  2. Proteins required for growth are formed
  3. Converted to starch to be stored
19
Q

Function of Stroma

A

Fixes CO2

20
Q

Function of Grana

A

Absorbs sunlight (Chlorophyll)

21
Q

Adaptation of grana to its function

A
  1. Each disk is hallow from the inside
  2. Margin extends to meet margin of the other disk
  3. It’s structure increase the SA of chlorophyll exposed to light
22
Q

Pigments that form chlorophyll

A

Chlorophyll A: Blue Green
Chlorophyll B: Yellow Green - 70%
Xanthophyll: Lemon yellow - 25%
Carotene: Orange Yellow -5%

23
Q

GR Starch is found in small size

A

Because starch granules change to soluble sugar (sucrose) to be transferred in xylem to other plant organs

24
Q

Function and location of magnesium in chlorophyll

A

Gives it the ability to absorb light, located in the center of chlorophyll

25
Q

Leaf structure and its adaptation

A
  1. Presence of leaves on stems and branches exposes them to sunlight
  2. Lead blade is thin and flattened to receive light
  3. Blade is supported by mid rib
  4. Upper and lower surface are covered by CUTIN except stomata
26
Q

GR presence of mid rib in leaves

A
  1. To supply leaves with absorbed water from roots

2. To transport high energy food to different parts of the plant

27
Q

Function of stomata

A
  1. For gas exchange

2. Controls the rate of water evaporation since it opens at day and closes at night

28
Q

GR Lower surface of the leaf contains more stomata than the upper surface

A

To be away from direct sunlight, to decrease the loss of water by transpiration

29
Q

Leaf structure and its adaptation

A
  1. Presence of leaves on stems and branches exposes them to sunlight
  2. Lead blade is thin and flattened to receive light
  3. Blade is supported by mid rib
  4. Upper and lower surface are covered by CUTIN except stomata
30
Q

GR presence of mid rib in leaves

A
  1. To supply leaves with absorbed water from roots

2. To transport high energy food to different parts of the plant

31
Q

Function of stomata

A
  1. For gas exchange

2. Controls the rate of water evaporation since it opens at day and closes at night

32
Q

GR Lower surface of the leaf contains more stomata than the upper surface

A

To be away from direct sunlight, to decrease the loss of water by transpiration

33
Q

Tissue between upper and lower Epidermis

A

Mesophyll

34
Q

Palisade vs Spongy (Shape)

A

Plaisade: cylindrical, elongated, parenchyma cells perpendicular to the surface with narrow intercellular spaces
Spongy: irregularly shaped, loosely arranges parenchyma cells with wide intercellular spaces

35
Q

Palisade Vs Spongy (Content, function)

A

Palisade: large number of chloroplasts, for absorption of light
Spongy: Air chambers, few chloroplasts. Aeration, storage of gases

36
Q

GR Palisade cells are perpendicular to the surface

A

It facilitates the free movement of the plastids:
When the light intensity decreases, they collect near the surface to absorb more ligjt
When the light intensity increases, they escape inside to be protected from damage

37
Q

GR: NADPH2 and ATP are energy fixing molecules

A

Because they are both essential for formation of glucose which is the source of energy for the plant

38
Q

Walls of cells absorb water by Imbibition not osmosis

A

Because it’s made of cellulose which is a colloidal substance that has the ability to absorb water and increase in volume. Osmosis isn’t possible because the cell wall is fully permeable not semi permeable

39
Q

Light Reaction Vs Dark reaction (Limiting factor, action of enzymes, location in chloroplast, time of day, products)

A

Light:

  • Light
  • Not enzymatic reactions, but it contains a coenzyme (NADPH2) which carries Hydrogen to stroma
  • Grana
  • Day only
  • Oxygen as a byproduct, NADPH2

Dark:

  • Temperature
  • Enzymatic reactions to produce glucose
  • Stroma
  • Day and Night
  • Glucose

Biology 2nd Secondary (3 decks)

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