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Drugs And Alcohol Ch1-5 > Ch.1-5 > Flashcards

Ch.1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

maintaining a constant internal environment

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

What is basil ganglia do

A

Fine motor control

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3
Q

What is the cerebellum do

A

Gross motor control

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4
Q

What does the thalamus do

A

Relays and processes information

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5
Q

What increases/mimics the neurotransmitter at the synapse

A

Agonists

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6
Q

What decreases the action of the neurotransmitter at the synapse

A

Antagonists

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7
Q

sensory neuron comes in on one end and goes through spinal cord and then motor neuron comes out of another for signal

A

simple reflex

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8
Q

pathway contains DA and is thought to be an important part of the reward system

A

VTA to the Nucleus Accumbens

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9
Q

motivation and goal-directed behavior. receive input from dopamine containing cells

A

Nucleus accumbens

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10
Q

a group of dopamine containing neurons located in the midbrain whose axons project to the forebrain, especially the nucleus accumbens and cortex.

A

Ventral tegmental ares (VTA)

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11
Q

the descending fibers from the nucleus accumbens to the…

A

vental tegmental area (VTA)

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12
Q

what descending fibers from the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and amygdala to the…

A

nucleus accumbens

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13
Q

the medial forebrain bundle, also known as the…

A

mesocorticolimbic system

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14
Q

Any substance, natural or artificial, other than food, that by which its chemical nature alters structure or function in the living organism

A

drug

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15
Q

Use of a substance in a manner in which its use causes social, legal, occupational, psychological or physical

A

abuse

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16
Q

Is a complex term which means different things to different people. It implies dependence but people use term loosely that it’s hard to determine what they mean and how abuse relates to them.

A

addiction

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17
Q

does doing one drug lead to another? ex:beer/wine

A

gateway

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18
Q

What types of drugs affect thought, perception, emotion, motivation, arousal, or in general behavior

A

psychoactive

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19
Q

Use of the drug so frequently that the person can’t get along without it, withdrawal symptoms, either physical and psychological

A

dependence

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20
Q

most common type of illicit drug that the vast majority of users called recreational, social, or casual.

A

marijuana

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21
Q

is there persay “bad drugs”

A

there are no bad drugs but its the way the drug is being used

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22
Q

are there personality variations that affect drug use?

A

there is very little evidence for an “addictive personality”

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23
Q

a change in behavior, attitude, or situation that go with a deviance-prone lifestyle that includes drug or alcohol use.
Correlated with an increased likelihood of drug use.

A

risk factors

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24
Q

behaviors, attitudes, or situations that correlate with low rates of deviant behavior, including use of illicit drugs.
Correlated with a decreased likelihood of drug use.

A

protective behaviors

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25
Q

genetic factors probably play a small role in whether someone tried alcohol or marijuana but a larger role in whether that use develops a serious problem (T or F)

A

true

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26
Q

characteristics that predict later initiation of drug use

A

antecedents

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27
Q

each time you take the drug you increase slightly the probability that you will take it again

A

reinforcement

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28
Q

are there personality variations that affect drug use?

A

very little evidence for an “addictive personality”

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29
Q

are drugs dangerous?

A

legal/illegal does not equal safe/dangerous

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30
Q

what means “poisonous, deadly, or dangerous”

A

toxic

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31
Q

a drug can be toxic because it impairs behavior and amplifies the danger level of many activities

A

behavioral toxicity

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32
Q

The VTA to the _____ has long been known to mediate reward

A

nucleus accumbens

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33
Q

what three main concerns aroused public interest involving drugs?

A
  1. toxicity, 2. addiction, and 3. crime
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34
Q

in general “sharp”/”rapid” short-term effects of a single administration of a drug

A

acute toxicity

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35
Q

long-term use; chronic drug effects are persistent effects produced by long-term use

A

chronic toxicity

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36
Q

is drug use safe?

A

it depends on how you use the drug

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37
Q

what is a “killer” in the US

A

tobacco

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38
Q

repeated exposure to the same dose of the drug results in a lesser effect

A

tolerance

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39
Q

symptoms when you stop using a drug (involves withdrawal symptoms)

A

physical dependence

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40
Q

behavioral dependence, indicated by a high rate of drug use, craving for the drug, and a tendency to relapse after stopping

A

psychological dependence

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41
Q

what was the earliest national law on drugs. Attempt to decrease whiskey, was a revenue collecting scheme

A

1791 whiskey tax

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42
Q

prohibited interstate sale of illegal package of food/drugs/alcohol/medicines

A

1906 pure food and drugs act

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43
Q

this act taxed and regulated (register) the production, importation, and distribution of opium and coca products

A

1914 Harrison act

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44
Q

the act that doubled maximum penalty for dealing in narcotics

A

Miller-Jones Act 1922

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45
Q

what was invented in 1856 so that morphine could be injected

A

syringe

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46
Q

energy metabolism and DNA transcription happens slow (hours, weeks, days)

A

metabotropic

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47
Q

trans-membrane potential happens rapid/immediate

A

ionotropic

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48
Q

drug that is unlawful to possess or use

A

illicit drug

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49
Q

based on personal accounts rather than facts or research

A

anecdotal

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50
Q

capable of being verified or disproved by observation or experiment

A

empirical

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51
Q

control over manufacturing and distribution of dangerous drugs

A

1965 drug abuse and control amendments

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52
Q

law tried to deal with prevention, control, and treatment so it was very “comprehensive”. The law makers consulted doctors and nurses and other health care experts before writing the amendments

A

comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act of 1970

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53
Q

had lots of pieces from other laws, some laws still untested. Increased penalties for distribution and reduced for simple possession.

A

1986 Omnibus drug law

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54
Q

Bureau was created and was charged with drug law enforcement. First commissioner of the federal bureau was Harry J. Anslinger

A

1930 Bureau of Narcotics

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55
Q

what conclusions do the 3 pathways of neurochemical neurocircuits suggest?

A

suggests that addiction is a learned behavior

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56
Q

study of where drugs come from, what they do when they got where they are going and where they end up

A

pharmacology

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57
Q

where do most drugs come from

A

poisonous plants

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58
Q

drug produces an effect which is opposite the action of an agonist

A

inverse agonists

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59
Q

the strength of binding between a drug and its target (affinity or Kd). The drug is referred to as the “ligand” and the target the “receptor”

A

potency

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60
Q

the biologic effect exerted by the binding

A

efficacy

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61
Q

how well the drug gets into the brain and to its site of action

A

bioavailability

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62
Q

two forms of the same drug that are mirror images of one another

A

steroisomers

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63
Q

A catalyst for synthesizing, degrading or changing a complex module

A

Enzyme

64
Q

The chemical an enzyme works on

A

Substrate

65
Q

What is left over from the substrate

A

End product or metabolite

66
Q

What are the three types of tolerance

A
  1. Pharmacodynamic 2. Drug disposition 3. Behavioral
67
Q

Produces the effect we expect (binds strong)

A

Specific binding

68
Q

Cause side effects (binds weakly)

A

Nonspecific binding

69
Q

the chemical an enzyme works on

A

substrate

70
Q

what is left over from the substrate, lasts longer in system

A

end product or metabolite

71
Q

produces the effect that we expect

A

specific bonding

72
Q

causes side effects

A

nonspecific bonding

73
Q

what is one thing that affects lipid solubility

A

ionization

74
Q

what is designed to keep the blood concentration in the therapeutic range

A

dosing

75
Q

What act had the toughest penalties yet. Under the law any offense except first offense possession had to result in a jail term, no suspension, probation, or parole allowed

A

1956 narcotic control act

76
Q

what is calcium dependent

A

docking

77
Q

What is homeostasis

A

staying the same essentially

78
Q

what is the suppression of urine production

A

antidiuretic

79
Q

what is a thin, limiting covering of a cell

A

membrane

80
Q

what is the central region of a neuron which is the control center

A

cell body

81
Q

a treelike region of a neuron that extends from the cell body and contains in its membrane receptors that recognize and respond to specific chemical signals.

A

dendrite

82
Q

a region of a neuron that extends from the cell body and is responsible for conducting the electrical signal to the presynaptic terminal

A

axon

83
Q

what is the end region of the axon

A

axon terminals

84
Q

specialized cell structures that recognize and respond to signals from specific chemicals (neurotransmitters or drugs)

A

receptors

85
Q

a chemical messenger that is released by one neuron and that alters the electrical activity in another neuron; its effects are brief and local

A

neurotransmitter

86
Q

small bubbles of membrane that store neurotransmitters

A

synaptic vesicles

87
Q

what provides firmness and structure to the brain, get nutrients to the system, eliminate waste, and form myelin

A

glia

88
Q

a white fatty substance that is wrapped around the axons of some neurons to form a myelin sheath, that increases information process speed.

A

myelin

89
Q

a barrier between the blood and the fluid that surrounds neurons

A

blood-brain barrier

90
Q

structure protects the brain from potentially toxic chemicals circulating in the blood

A

semipermeable

91
Q

the process of transferring information from one neuron to another at a synapse

A

neurotransmission

92
Q

a brief electrical signal transmitted along a neurons axon

A

action potential

93
Q

pores formed by proteins in the cell membrane, allowing the passage of ions from one side of the membrane to the other

A

ion channels

94
Q

an atom or molecule that has a net electrical charge because of a difference in the number of electrons and protons

A

ion

95
Q

the voltage maintained by a cell when it is not generation action potentials. the resting potential of neurons is about -65 voltage

A

resting potential

96
Q

when the membrane potential is more negative

A

hyperpolarized

97
Q

when the membrane potential is less polarized

A

depolarized

98
Q

the nerve cells that are on the “front lines” interacting with the external environment, are referred to as

A

somatic system

99
Q

Your body’s internal environment is monitored and controlled by

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

100
Q

the branch of the autonomic nervous system that has acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter and for example slows the heart rate and activates the intestine.

A

parasympathetic

101
Q

the branch of autonomic nervous system that contains norepinephrine as its neurotransmitter and increases heart rate and blood pressure

A

sympathetic system

102
Q

a neurotransmitter that might be important for regulating waking and appetite

A

norepinephrine

103
Q

what consists the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

104
Q

cannabis-like chemicals that occur naturally in the brains of humans and other animals

A

endocannabionoids

105
Q

small proteinaceous produced and released by neurons that act on neural targets.

A

neuropeptides

106
Q

a group of dopamine containing neurons that have their cells bodies in the midbrain and their terminals in the forebrain, on various structures associated with the limbic system

A

mesolimbic dopamine pathway

107
Q

a chronic psychotic disorder for which the cause is unknown

A

schizophrenia

108
Q

the most prominent neurochemical theory of drug abuse is based on the idea that all recreational drugs stimulate dopamine neurons in what pathway

A

mesolimbic

109
Q

a group of dopamine containing neurons that have their cell bodies in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and their terminals in the basal ganglia, which is part of the extrapyrmidal motor system. Pathway deteriorates and leads to parkinsons disease

A

nigrostriatal dopamine pathway

110
Q

a dopamine rich midbrain structure that projects to the striatum

A

substantia nigra

111
Q

describe the caudate nucleus and putamen. Located in the forebrain it is involved in the initiation of body movements and procedural memory

A

striatium

112
Q

something that precedes something else

A

precursor

113
Q

a group of large cell bodies found just below the basal ganglia and containing acetylcholine. these cells send terminations widely to the cerebral cortex

A

nucleus basalis

114
Q

outermost layer of brain

A

cerebral cortex

115
Q

pathways arising from the locus ceruleus in the brain stem have numerous branches and project both up and down in the brain. Releases _______ and influencing the level of arousal attentiveness.

A

norepinephrine

116
Q

a neurotransmitter found in the raphe nuclei that might be important for impulsivity.

A

serotonin

117
Q

an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in most brain regions

A

gamma-ambionbutyric acid (GABA)

118
Q

a excitatory neurotransmitter found in most brain regions

A

glutamate

119
Q

morphine like chemicals that occur naturally in the brains pituitary glands of human and other animals.

A

endorphins

120
Q

a subcortical brain structure containing large numbers of dopamine synapses.

A

basal ganglia

121
Q

consists of a number of connected structures that are involved in emotion, memory for location, physical activity, arousal.

A

limbic system

122
Q

a region in the brain stem located in the medulla oblongata, that is important for triggering nausea and vomiting.

A

area postrema

123
Q

A _____ is carried to the brain by the blood supply

A

drug

124
Q

the formation of a chemical compound

A

synthesis

125
Q

a large organic molecule that works to speed up or help along a specific chemical reaction

A

enzyme

126
Q

the space between neurons

A

synapse

127
Q

mechanism in the nerve terminal membrane responsible for removing neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse by taking them back into the neuron

A

transporter

128
Q

breakdown or inactivate a neurotransmitter (or a drug) through enzymatic action

A

metabolize

129
Q

a class of chemicals by a single amine group

A

monoamine

130
Q

the formation of a chemical compound

A

synthesis

131
Q

a name that specifies a particular chemical without being chemically descriptive or referring to a brand name

A

generic name

132
Q

a drug specifies a particular formulation and manufacturer/trademark

A

brand name

133
Q

produce a wakefulness and a sense of energy and well-being

A

stimulant drugs

134
Q

what can produce profound perceptual and emotional changes

A

psychedelics

135
Q

an inactive drug, often used in experiments to control for nonspecific effects of drug administration

A

placebo

136
Q

a type of experiment in which the patients and those evaluating them do not know which patients are receiving a placebo and which are receiving the test drug

A

double-blind procedure

137
Q

a graph showing the relationship between the size of a drug dose and the size of the response

A

dose-response curve

138
Q

the three types of tolerance

A
  1. pharmacodynamic, 2. drug disposition, 3. behavioral
139
Q

measured by the amount of a drug required to produce a given effect

A

potency

140
Q

drug effects that increase with repeated administrations, usually due to the buildup of the drug in the body

A

cumulative effects

141
Q

the tendency of a chemical to dissolve in oils or fats, as opposed to in water

A

liquid solubility

142
Q

small vessels that contain blood, they deliver oxygenated blood arteries to the tissues of the body and deliver deoxygenated blood from the tissue back into the veins

A

capillaries

143
Q

a phenomenon whereby the concentration of an orally administered drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic blood circulation

A

first-pass metabolism

144
Q

a type of injection in which the drug is administered into a vein

A

intravenous

145
Q

drugs can be snorted through the nose

A

intranasal

146
Q

a form of injection in which the needle penetrates through the skin but does not enter a muscle or vein

A

subcutaneous

147
Q

a type of injection in which the drug is administered into a muscle

A

intramuscular

148
Q

_____ is a drug delivery system used for smoking nicotine, marijuana, opium, and huffing. Effect is rapid due to capillary walls in the lungs

A

inhalation

149
Q

drug is absorbed through the skin

A

topical application

150
Q

the extent to which chemicals can be dissolved in oils and fats

A

lipophilic

151
Q

a product of enzyme action on a drug

A

metabolite

152
Q

the reduced effect of a drug, which can result from more rapid metabolism or excretion of the drug

A

drug diposition tolerance

153
Q

repeated use of a drug can lead to a diminished effect of the drug (tolerance) drug may continue to have the same biochemcial effect but with a reduced effect on behavior

A

behavioral tolerance

154
Q

reduced effectiveness of a drug resulting from altered nervous system sensitivity

A

pharmacodynamic tolerance

155
Q

What is in charge or endocrine response, and keeping body homeostasis

A

Hypothalamus

Drugs And Alcohol Ch1-5 (2 decks)

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