Ch.1-5 Flashcards
maintaining a constant internal environment
Homeostasis
What is basil ganglia do
Fine motor control
What is the cerebellum do
Gross motor control
What does the thalamus do
Relays and processes information
What increases/mimics the neurotransmitter at the synapse
Agonists
What decreases the action of the neurotransmitter at the synapse
Antagonists
sensory neuron comes in on one end and goes through spinal cord and then motor neuron comes out of another for signal
simple reflex
pathway contains DA and is thought to be an important part of the reward system
VTA to the Nucleus Accumbens
motivation and goal-directed behavior. receive input from dopamine containing cells
Nucleus accumbens
a group of dopamine containing neurons located in the midbrain whose axons project to the forebrain, especially the nucleus accumbens and cortex.
Ventral tegmental ares (VTA)
the descending fibers from the nucleus accumbens to the…
vental tegmental area (VTA)
what descending fibers from the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and amygdala to the…
nucleus accumbens
the medial forebrain bundle, also known as the…
mesocorticolimbic system
Any substance, natural or artificial, other than food, that by which its chemical nature alters structure or function in the living organism
drug
Use of a substance in a manner in which its use causes social, legal, occupational, psychological or physical
abuse
Is a complex term which means different things to different people. It implies dependence but people use term loosely that it’s hard to determine what they mean and how abuse relates to them.
addiction
does doing one drug lead to another? ex:beer/wine
gateway
What types of drugs affect thought, perception, emotion, motivation, arousal, or in general behavior
psychoactive
Use of the drug so frequently that the person can’t get along without it, withdrawal symptoms, either physical and psychological
dependence
most common type of illicit drug that the vast majority of users called recreational, social, or casual.
marijuana
is there persay “bad drugs”
there are no bad drugs but its the way the drug is being used
are there personality variations that affect drug use?
there is very little evidence for an “addictive personality”
a change in behavior, attitude, or situation that go with a deviance-prone lifestyle that includes drug or alcohol use.
Correlated with an increased likelihood of drug use.
risk factors
behaviors, attitudes, or situations that correlate with low rates of deviant behavior, including use of illicit drugs.
Correlated with a decreased likelihood of drug use.
protective behaviors
genetic factors probably play a small role in whether someone tried alcohol or marijuana but a larger role in whether that use develops a serious problem (T or F)
true
characteristics that predict later initiation of drug use
antecedents
each time you take the drug you increase slightly the probability that you will take it again
reinforcement
are there personality variations that affect drug use?
very little evidence for an “addictive personality”
are drugs dangerous?
legal/illegal does not equal safe/dangerous
what means “poisonous, deadly, or dangerous”
toxic
a drug can be toxic because it impairs behavior and amplifies the danger level of many activities
behavioral toxicity
The VTA to the _____ has long been known to mediate reward
nucleus accumbens
what three main concerns aroused public interest involving drugs?
- toxicity, 2. addiction, and 3. crime
in general “sharp”/”rapid” short-term effects of a single administration of a drug
acute toxicity
long-term use; chronic drug effects are persistent effects produced by long-term use
chronic toxicity
is drug use safe?
it depends on how you use the drug
what is a “killer” in the US
tobacco
repeated exposure to the same dose of the drug results in a lesser effect
tolerance
symptoms when you stop using a drug (involves withdrawal symptoms)
physical dependence
behavioral dependence, indicated by a high rate of drug use, craving for the drug, and a tendency to relapse after stopping
psychological dependence
what was the earliest national law on drugs. Attempt to decrease whiskey, was a revenue collecting scheme
1791 whiskey tax
prohibited interstate sale of illegal package of food/drugs/alcohol/medicines
1906 pure food and drugs act
this act taxed and regulated (register) the production, importation, and distribution of opium and coca products
1914 Harrison act
the act that doubled maximum penalty for dealing in narcotics
Miller-Jones Act 1922
what was invented in 1856 so that morphine could be injected
syringe
energy metabolism and DNA transcription happens slow (hours, weeks, days)
metabotropic
trans-membrane potential happens rapid/immediate
ionotropic
drug that is unlawful to possess or use
illicit drug
based on personal accounts rather than facts or research
anecdotal
capable of being verified or disproved by observation or experiment
empirical
control over manufacturing and distribution of dangerous drugs
1965 drug abuse and control amendments
law tried to deal with prevention, control, and treatment so it was very “comprehensive”. The law makers consulted doctors and nurses and other health care experts before writing the amendments
comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act of 1970
had lots of pieces from other laws, some laws still untested. Increased penalties for distribution and reduced for simple possession.
1986 Omnibus drug law
Bureau was created and was charged with drug law enforcement. First commissioner of the federal bureau was Harry J. Anslinger
1930 Bureau of Narcotics
what conclusions do the 3 pathways of neurochemical neurocircuits suggest?
suggests that addiction is a learned behavior
study of where drugs come from, what they do when they got where they are going and where they end up
pharmacology
where do most drugs come from
poisonous plants
drug produces an effect which is opposite the action of an agonist
inverse agonists
the strength of binding between a drug and its target (affinity or Kd). The drug is referred to as the “ligand” and the target the “receptor”
potency
the biologic effect exerted by the binding
efficacy
how well the drug gets into the brain and to its site of action
bioavailability
two forms of the same drug that are mirror images of one another
steroisomers
A catalyst for synthesizing, degrading or changing a complex module
Enzyme
The chemical an enzyme works on
Substrate
What is left over from the substrate
End product or metabolite
What are the three types of tolerance
- Pharmacodynamic 2. Drug disposition 3. Behavioral
Produces the effect we expect (binds strong)
Specific binding
Cause side effects (binds weakly)
Nonspecific binding
the chemical an enzyme works on
substrate
what is left over from the substrate, lasts longer in system
end product or metabolite
produces the effect that we expect
specific bonding
causes side effects
nonspecific bonding
what is one thing that affects lipid solubility
ionization
what is designed to keep the blood concentration in the therapeutic range
dosing
What act had the toughest penalties yet. Under the law any offense except first offense possession had to result in a jail term, no suspension, probation, or parole allowed
1956 narcotic control act
what is calcium dependent
docking
What is homeostasis
staying the same essentially
what is the suppression of urine production
antidiuretic
what is a thin, limiting covering of a cell
membrane
what is the central region of a neuron which is the control center
cell body
a treelike region of a neuron that extends from the cell body and contains in its membrane receptors that recognize and respond to specific chemical signals.
dendrite
a region of a neuron that extends from the cell body and is responsible for conducting the electrical signal to the presynaptic terminal
axon
what is the end region of the axon
axon terminals
specialized cell structures that recognize and respond to signals from specific chemicals (neurotransmitters or drugs)
receptors
a chemical messenger that is released by one neuron and that alters the electrical activity in another neuron; its effects are brief and local
neurotransmitter
small bubbles of membrane that store neurotransmitters
synaptic vesicles
what provides firmness and structure to the brain, get nutrients to the system, eliminate waste, and form myelin
glia
a white fatty substance that is wrapped around the axons of some neurons to form a myelin sheath, that increases information process speed.
myelin
a barrier between the blood and the fluid that surrounds neurons
blood-brain barrier
structure protects the brain from potentially toxic chemicals circulating in the blood
semipermeable
the process of transferring information from one neuron to another at a synapse
neurotransmission
a brief electrical signal transmitted along a neurons axon
action potential
pores formed by proteins in the cell membrane, allowing the passage of ions from one side of the membrane to the other
ion channels
an atom or molecule that has a net electrical charge because of a difference in the number of electrons and protons
ion
the voltage maintained by a cell when it is not generation action potentials. the resting potential of neurons is about -65 voltage
resting potential
when the membrane potential is more negative
hyperpolarized
when the membrane potential is less polarized
depolarized
the nerve cells that are on the “front lines” interacting with the external environment, are referred to as
somatic system
Your body’s internal environment is monitored and controlled by
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
the branch of the autonomic nervous system that has acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter and for example slows the heart rate and activates the intestine.
parasympathetic
the branch of autonomic nervous system that contains norepinephrine as its neurotransmitter and increases heart rate and blood pressure
sympathetic system
a neurotransmitter that might be important for regulating waking and appetite
norepinephrine
what consists the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
cannabis-like chemicals that occur naturally in the brains of humans and other animals
endocannabionoids
small proteinaceous produced and released by neurons that act on neural targets.
neuropeptides
a group of dopamine containing neurons that have their cells bodies in the midbrain and their terminals in the forebrain, on various structures associated with the limbic system
mesolimbic dopamine pathway
a chronic psychotic disorder for which the cause is unknown
schizophrenia
the most prominent neurochemical theory of drug abuse is based on the idea that all recreational drugs stimulate dopamine neurons in what pathway
mesolimbic
a group of dopamine containing neurons that have their cell bodies in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and their terminals in the basal ganglia, which is part of the extrapyrmidal motor system. Pathway deteriorates and leads to parkinsons disease
nigrostriatal dopamine pathway
a dopamine rich midbrain structure that projects to the striatum
substantia nigra
describe the caudate nucleus and putamen. Located in the forebrain it is involved in the initiation of body movements and procedural memory
striatium
something that precedes something else
precursor
a group of large cell bodies found just below the basal ganglia and containing acetylcholine. these cells send terminations widely to the cerebral cortex
nucleus basalis
outermost layer of brain
cerebral cortex
pathways arising from the locus ceruleus in the brain stem have numerous branches and project both up and down in the brain. Releases _______ and influencing the level of arousal attentiveness.
norepinephrine
a neurotransmitter found in the raphe nuclei that might be important for impulsivity.
serotonin
an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in most brain regions
gamma-ambionbutyric acid (GABA)
a excitatory neurotransmitter found in most brain regions
glutamate
morphine like chemicals that occur naturally in the brains pituitary glands of human and other animals.
endorphins
a subcortical brain structure containing large numbers of dopamine synapses.
basal ganglia
consists of a number of connected structures that are involved in emotion, memory for location, physical activity, arousal.
limbic system
a region in the brain stem located in the medulla oblongata, that is important for triggering nausea and vomiting.
area postrema
A _____ is carried to the brain by the blood supply
drug
the formation of a chemical compound
synthesis
a large organic molecule that works to speed up or help along a specific chemical reaction
enzyme
the space between neurons
synapse
mechanism in the nerve terminal membrane responsible for removing neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse by taking them back into the neuron
transporter
breakdown or inactivate a neurotransmitter (or a drug) through enzymatic action
metabolize
a class of chemicals by a single amine group
monoamine
the formation of a chemical compound
synthesis
a name that specifies a particular chemical without being chemically descriptive or referring to a brand name
generic name
a drug specifies a particular formulation and manufacturer/trademark
brand name
produce a wakefulness and a sense of energy and well-being
stimulant drugs
what can produce profound perceptual and emotional changes
psychedelics
an inactive drug, often used in experiments to control for nonspecific effects of drug administration
placebo
a type of experiment in which the patients and those evaluating them do not know which patients are receiving a placebo and which are receiving the test drug
double-blind procedure
a graph showing the relationship between the size of a drug dose and the size of the response
dose-response curve
the three types of tolerance
- pharmacodynamic, 2. drug disposition, 3. behavioral
measured by the amount of a drug required to produce a given effect
potency
drug effects that increase with repeated administrations, usually due to the buildup of the drug in the body
cumulative effects
the tendency of a chemical to dissolve in oils or fats, as opposed to in water
liquid solubility
small vessels that contain blood, they deliver oxygenated blood arteries to the tissues of the body and deliver deoxygenated blood from the tissue back into the veins
capillaries
a phenomenon whereby the concentration of an orally administered drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic blood circulation
first-pass metabolism
a type of injection in which the drug is administered into a vein
intravenous
drugs can be snorted through the nose
intranasal
a form of injection in which the needle penetrates through the skin but does not enter a muscle or vein
subcutaneous
a type of injection in which the drug is administered into a muscle
intramuscular
_____ is a drug delivery system used for smoking nicotine, marijuana, opium, and huffing. Effect is rapid due to capillary walls in the lungs
inhalation
drug is absorbed through the skin
topical application
the extent to which chemicals can be dissolved in oils and fats
lipophilic
a product of enzyme action on a drug
metabolite
the reduced effect of a drug, which can result from more rapid metabolism or excretion of the drug
drug diposition tolerance
repeated use of a drug can lead to a diminished effect of the drug (tolerance) drug may continue to have the same biochemcial effect but with a reduced effect on behavior
behavioral tolerance
reduced effectiveness of a drug resulting from altered nervous system sensitivity
pharmacodynamic tolerance
What is in charge or endocrine response, and keeping body homeostasis
Hypothalamus
