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Biology 102 > Ch.1 > Flashcards

Ch.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

adaptation

A

Also called adaptive trait. An inherited characteristic-structural, biochemical, or behavioral-that enables an organism to function well and therefore to survive and reproduce better than competitors lacking the characteristic.

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2
Q

Animalia

A

The kingdom of Eukarya that is made up of animals-multicellular heterotrophs that have evolved specialized tissues, organs and organ systems, body plans, and behaviors.

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3
Q

Archaea

A

One of the three domains of life, encompassing the microscopic, single-celled prokaryotes that arose after the Bacteria. The domain Archaea is equivalent to the kingdom Archaea. Compare Bacteria and Eukarya.

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4
Q

asexual reproduction

A

The production of genetically identical offspring without the exchange of genetic material with another individual. Compare sexual reproduction

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5
Q

atom

A

The smallest unit of a chemical element that still has the properties of that element.

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6
Q

autotroph

A

See producer. Compare heterotroph and mixotroph.

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7
Q

Bacteria

A

One of the three domains of life, encompassing the microscopic, single-celled prokaryotes that were the first organisms to arise. The domain Bacteria is equivalent to the kingdom Bacteria. Compare Archaea and Eukarya.

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8
Q

behavior

A

Sensing and responding to external cues. More specifically, a coordinated response to a stimulus; particularly, a response that involves movement.

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9
Q

biological evolution

A

A change in the overall genetic characteristics of a group of organisms over multiple generations of parents and offspring.

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10
Q

biological hierarchy

A

The nested series in which living things, their building blocks, and their living and nonliving surroundings can be arranged-from atoms at the lowest level to the entire biosphere at the highest level.

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11
Q

biology

A

The study of life.

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12
Q

biome

A

A large area of the biosphere that is characterized according to its unique climatic and ecological features. Terrestrial biomes are usually classified by their dominant vegetation; aquatic biomes, by their physical and chemical features.

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13
Q

biomolecule

A

Any molecule found within a living cell.

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14
Q

biosphere

A

All living organisms on Earth, together with the environments in which they live. Compare ecosystem.

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15
Q

causation

A

The act of causing something to happen or to exist. Compare correlation.

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16
Q

cell

A

The smallest and most basic unit of life, the fundamental building block of all living things.

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17
Q

community

A

An association of populations of different species that live in the same area.

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18
Q

consumer

A

Also called heterotroph. An organism that obtains its energy by eating other organisms or their remains. Consumers include herbivores, carnivores, and decomposers. Compare producer.

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19
Q

control group

A

A group of participants in an experiment that are subjected to the same environmental conditions as the treatment group(s), except that the factor or factors being tested in the experiment are omitted.

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20
Q

controlled experiment

A

An experiment in which the researcher measures the value of the dependent variable for two groups of study subjects that are comparable in all respects except that one group is exposed to a systematic change in the independent variable and the other group is not.

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21
Q

correlation

A

A statistical relation indicating that two or more phenomena behave in an interrelated manner. Correlation does not establish causation.

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22
Q

cytoplasm

A

The contents of a cell enclosed by the plasma membrane but, in eukaryotes, excluding the nucleus. Compare cytosol.

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23
Q

data (s. datum)

A

Information. Typical data answer questions such as where, when, or how much.

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24
Q

dependent variable

A

Also called responding variable. Any variable that responds, or could potentially respond, to changes in the independent variable.

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25
Q

development

A

The sequence of predictable changes that occur over the life cycle of an organism as it grows and matures to the reproductive stage.

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26
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a double-stranded molecule consisting of two spirally wound polymers of nucleotides that store genetic information, including the information needed to synthesize proteins. Each nucleotide in DNA is composed of the sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine. Compare RNA.

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27
Q

domain

A

In reference to biological classification systems, the highest level in the Linnaean hierarchy, immediately above kingdom. The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

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28
Q

double-blind experiment

A

An experiment in which neither the study subjects nor the researchers know which participants are receiving the treatment and which are controls. Compare single-blind experiment.

29
Q

ecosystem

A

A community of organisms, together with the physical environment in which the organisms live. Global patterns of air and water circulation link all the world’s organisms into one giant ecosystem, the biosphere.

30
Q

Eukarya

A

One of the three domains of life, encompassing the eukaryotes. Four kingdoms are included: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista. Compare Archaea and Bacteria.

31
Q

experiment

A

A repeatable manipulation of one or more aspects of the natural world.

32
Q

fertilization

A

The fusion of two different haploid gametes (egg cell and sperm) to produce a diploid zygote (the fertilized egg cell).

33
Q

Fungi

A

The kingdom of Eukarya that is made up of absorptive heterotrophs (consumers that absorb their food after digesting it externally). Fungi include mushroom-producing species, yeasts, and molds, most of which make their living as decomposers.

34
Q

heterotroph

A

See consumer. Compare autotroph and mixotroph.

35
Q

homeostasis

A

The process of maintaining appropriate and constant conditions inside cells.

36
Q

independent variable

A

Also called manipulated variable. The single variable that is manipulated in a typical scientific experiment. Compare dependent variable.

37
Q

individual

A

A single organism. usually physically separate and genetically distinct from other individuals.

38
Q

metabolism

A

The capture, storage, and use of energy by living organisms.

39
Q

microbe

A

A minute organism visible only with a microscope.

40
Q

molecule

A

An association of atoms in which two or more of the atoms are linked through covalent bonds. Compare salt.

41
Q

multicellular organism

A

An organism made up of more than one cell.

42
Q

natural selection

A

An evolutionary mechanism in which the individuals in a population that possess particular inherited characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals in the population because those characteristics enable the individuals to function optimally in their particular habitat. Natural selection is the only evolutionary mechanism that consistently improves the survival and reproduction of the organism in its environment. Compare artificial selection.

43
Q

nucleus (pl. nuclei)

A

The organelle in a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic blueprint in the form of DNA.

44
Q

observation

A

A description, measurement, or record of any object or phenomenon. Facts learned in this manner are subsequently used to formulate hypotheses.

45
Q

organ

A

A self-contained collection of different types of tissues, usually of a characteristic size and shape, that is organized for a particular set of functions.

46
Q

organ system

A

A group of organs of different types that work together to carry out a common set of functions.

47
Q

photosynthesis

A

A metabolic process by which organisms capture energy from sunlight and use it to synthesize sugars from carbon dioxide and water. Compare cellular respiration.

48
Q

placebo

A

A dummy pill or sham treatment that mimics the actual treatment of an experiment.

49
Q

placebo effect

A

The sense among study participants who are in the control group of an experiment that they are feeling better because they have received a beneficial treatment

50
Q

Plantae

A

The kingdom of Eukarya that is made up of plants-multicellular autotrophs that live mainly on land and photosynthesize.

51
Q

plasma membrane

A

The phospholipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of any cell.

52
Q

population

A

A group of interacting individuals of a single species located within a particular area.

53
Q

producer

A

Also called autotroph. An organism that uses energy from an external source, such as sunlight, to produce its own food without having to eat other organisms or their remains. Compare consumer.

54
Q

prokaryote

A

A single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus. All prokaryotes are members of the domains Bacteria or Archaea. Compare eukaryote.

55
Q

Protista

A

The oldest kingdom of Eukarya, made up of a diverse collection of mostly single-celled but some multicellular organisms. Protista is an artificial grouping, defined only by what members of this group are not: protists are not plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans.

56
Q

reproduction

A

The generation of a new individual like oneself.

57
Q

science

A

A method of inquiry that provides a rational way to discover truths about the natural world.

58
Q

scientific fact

A

A direct and repeatable observation of any aspect of the natural world.

59
Q

scientific hypothesis (pl. hypotheses)

A

An informed, logical, and plausible explanation for observations of the natural world. An “educated guess.” Compare scientific theory.

60
Q

scientific method

A

A series of steps in which the investigator develops a hypothesis, tests its predictions by performing experiments, and then changes or discards the hypothesis if its predictions are not supported by the results of the experiments.

61
Q

scientific theory

A

A major explanation about the natural world that has been confirmed through extensive testing in diverse ways by independent researchers. Compare scientific hypothesis.

62
Q

sexual reproduction

A

The combining of genes from two individuals to give rise to a new individual. known as the offspring. Compare asexual reproduction.

63
Q

single-blind experiment

A

An experiment in which the study subjects do not know whether they belong to the control group or the treatment group. Compare double-blind experiment.

64
Q

species (pl. species)

A
  1. All individuals that can interbreed in their natural surroundings to produce fertile offspring. See also biological species concept and morphological species concept. 2. In reference to biological classification systems, the lowest level in the Linnaean hierarchy, immediately below genus.
65
Q

statistics

A

A mathematical science that uses probability theory to estimate the reliability of data.

66
Q

technology

A

The practical application of scientific techniques and principles.

67
Q

tissue

A

A collection of coordinated and specialized cells that together fulfill a particular function for the organism.

68
Q

treatment group

A

Also called experimental group. A group of participants in an experiment that are subjected to the same environmental conditions as the control group but are exposed to a specific treatment in the form of a change to the independent variable.

69
Q

variable

A

A characteristic of any object or individual organism that can change.

Biology 102 (2 decks)

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