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Neurobiology > Ch1-4 > Flashcards

Ch1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Trepanation

A

Drilling holes in skull to relieve pressure

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2
Q

IACUC

A

Institute animal care and use committee- laws for animal research

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3
Q

Hippocrates

A

Brain=sensation and intelligence

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4
Q

Galen

A

Founded 1st anatomy text - cerebrum, cerebellum and ventricles

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5
Q

Brain studies in Renaissance?

A

Cadavers from graveyards

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6
Q

Descartes

A

Mind brain problem

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7
Q

Ventral is synonymous to

A

Efferent and motor sensor

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8
Q

Dorsal

A

Afferent and sensory nerves

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9
Q

Gray vs white matter

A

White has myelin

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10
Q

Central subdivision

A

Brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

Peripheral division

A

Network of nerves through body

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12
Q

Bell and magendie

A

Dorsal and ventral root clippin experiments on puppies

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13
Q

Cerebellum is origin of

A

Motor fibers

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14
Q

Cerebrum is destination of

A

Sensory fibers

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15
Q

Frans joseph gall

A

Phrenology bumps on skull reflect personality

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16
Q

Marie flourens

A

Ablation method removing of specific neurons

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17
Q

Paul broca

A

Discovered region of cerebrum for speech

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18
Q

Darwin

A

Evolution of nervous system, animals can correlate w humans

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19
Q

Neuron

A

Basic unit of brain

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20
Q

DLAR

A

Division laboratory animal resources- decide if research on animals serves purpose =proposal

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21
Q

Noninvasive method for learning nervous system

A

MRI scans

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22
Q

Neurophilosophy

A

No seperation of mind and brain

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23
Q

Glia cells function

A

Support insulate and protect neurons

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24
Q

Glia outnumber neurons by

A

10-1

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25
Q

What is function of neurons

A

Process sense communication and command

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26
Q

Stain facilities cytoarchitecture in CNS

A

Nissl stain

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27
Q

Cell body is

A

Soma

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28
Q

Neurites

A

Dendrites and axons

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29
Q

Cajal introduced

A

Neurons communicate through synapse (contact)

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30
Q

Purpose of dendrites spines

A

Increase surface area

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31
Q

Myelin is an

A

Insulator for axon

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32
Q

How long are axons

A

3ft long shaped by microtubules

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33
Q

Smooth ER makes

A

Lipids and steroid hormones for detox

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34
Q

Golgi apparatus sorts

A

Proteins into specific locations

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35
Q

Aftin

A

5-8 nm cytoskeleton

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36
Q

Neuro filaments

A

10-12 nm cytoskeleton

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37
Q

Microtubules

A

20-22nm cytoskeleton alpha/beta tubulin

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38
Q

Disease of nervous system coded by a gene

A

Huntingtons disease

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39
Q

Decision maker for firing synapses

A

Axon Hillock

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40
Q

Anterograde

A

Soma to terminal

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41
Q

Retrograde

A

Terminal to soma

42
Q

Neurons for special senses

A

Uni and bipolar

43
Q

Stellate cells

A

Star shaped

44
Q

Pyramidal cell

A

Pyramid shaped

45
Q

Protein used for visual aid for classifying neuron experiments

A

Green fluorescent protein

46
Q

Astrocytes

A

Numerous glia and regulates chemical content of extra cellular space

47
Q

Myelinating glia in CNS

A

Oligodendroglial cells

48
Q

Myelinating glia in PNS

A

Schwann cells

49
Q

Name of axon region exposed

A

Nodes of ranvier

50
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Help move CSF

51
Q

Microglial cells

A

Phagocytes release cytokines from immune response

52
Q

Vasculature

A

Blood vessels oxygen and nutrients

53
Q

Where do reflexes occur

A

Spinal cord

54
Q

Solvent is water?

A

Polar solvent

55
Q

Covers cations and anions and reason to move charges

A

Spheres of hydration

56
Q

What dissolves in water

A

Hydrophilic

57
Q

What kind lf compound doesnt dissolve in water

A

Hydrophobic

58
Q

Behavior of compounds in channels

A

Hydrophilic due to spheres of hydration

59
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Beads- amino acids

60
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Alpha helix beta sheets

61
Q

Structure tertiary proteins

A

Hydrogen bonds

62
Q

Structure of quaternary protein

A

More than one structure (hemoglobin)

Subunits

63
Q

Structure of ion channels

A

Quaternary

64
Q

Do channel proteins require energy

A

No energy used

65
Q

Ion pumps are formed by

A

Membrane spanning proteins

66
Q

Ion pumps require

A

ATP for energy

67
Q

Neurons are physically connected by

A

Gap junctions

68
Q

The energy used by ion oumps from atp breakdown results from

A

Neuronal signaling

69
Q

Factors cause normal cell charge to be negative -65mv

A

Protein a and phosphate p

70
Q

Factor about channels change voltage

A

Location of open channels

71
Q

Nernst equation accounts for

A

Charge of ion
Temp
Ratio int/external ion concentration

72
Q

NaK pump

A

Enzymes breaks down atp when sodium is present

73
Q

Which ion controls resting membrane potential

A

Potassium

74
Q

Low potassium can lead to

A

Epilepsy and other neural disorders

Strokes

75
Q

Why do ion channels need a small diameter

A

Precent excess water from coming into cell - lysis

76
Q

What cell regulates ext potassium concentration through spatial buffering

A

Astrocytes

77
Q

Why sodium potassium pump is important

A

Maintains rmp equilibrium and prevents accumulation of sodium

78
Q

Why is sodium affected by electrochemical gradient

A

Na wants to satisfy both concentration and electrical gradient

79
Q

Ions more concentrated inside cell

A

K+

80
Q

Ions more concentrated outside cell

A

Na, cl,

81
Q

Where does action potential occur on neuron

A

Axon hillock,

82
Q

Temporal summation

A

Single presynaptic neuron fires many times in succession to reach threshold

83
Q

Spacial summation

A

Excited potentials from different presynaptic neurons to reach threshold

84
Q

Purpose of myelin sheath

A

Protect insulate and enhance transmission of electric impulses

85
Q

Device used to study action potential

A

Oscilloscope

86
Q

Optogenetics

A

Using light to control neurons

87
Q

Depolarization

A

Influx of na+

88
Q

Repolarization

A

Efflix of K+

89
Q

What mV categorized as hyperpolarization

A

-80mV

90
Q

When does sodium channel protein open

A

Changes shape at -55mV threshold

91
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Channels are inactive

92
Q

Tetrodotoxin TTX

A

Clogs na permeable pore

93
Q

Red tide saxitoxin

A

Na channel blocking toxin

94
Q

Batrachotoxin

A

Blocks inactivation so channels remain open

95
Q

Channel fastest to open

A

Na channel

96
Q

Purpose lf delayed rectifier potassium conductance

A

Reset membrane potential

97
Q

What happens when theres no ball and chain

A

Hyperpolarization sodium keeps going in cell

98
Q

Orthodromic

A

Action potential travels in one direction soma to terminals

99
Q

Antidromic

A

Backward propagation

100
Q

Factors influence conduction velocity

A

Spread of action potential along membrane
Path of positive charge
Axonal excitability

101
Q

Characteristics of Nodes of Ranvier

A

Saltatory conduction

Where sodium channels are most concentrated

Neurobiology (1 decks)

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