Ch.1,2,3,4,5 & 6 Flashcards
1
Q
American Psychological Association
A
an organization representing psychologists in the United States
2
Q
Behaviorism
A
focus on observing and controlling behavior
3
Q
Biopsychology Model
A
a point of view that biology, psychology, and social all determine an individual’s health.
4
Q
Clinical Psychology
A
the area that focuses on diagnosing and treating psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior.
5
Q
Cognitive Psychology
A
study of cognitions, thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions.
6
Q
Counseling Psychology
A
an area that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals.
7
Q
Developmental Psychology
A
scientifically studying a human’s lifespan.
8
Q
Dissertation
A
a long research paper that a doctoral student conducts as part of their training.
9
Q
Empirical Method
A
method for acquiring knowledge based on observation and experimentation.
10
Q
Forensic Psychology
A
an area that applies science/practice of psychology to issues within/related to the justice system.
11
Q
Functionalism
A
a focus on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment.
12
Q
Humanism
A
a perspective that humans are good by nature.
13
Q
Introspection
A
a person examined their conscious experience to break them down into its component parts.
14
Q
Personality Psychology
A
the study of patterns and behaviors that make individuals unique.
15
Q
Personality Trait
A
a pattern of thought and behavior.
16
Q
Psychoanalytic Theory
A
focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior.
17
Q
Psychology
A
the scientific study of the mind and behavior
18
Q
Sport and Exercise Psychology
A
focus on interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sport/exercise-related activities.
19
Q
Structuralism
A
understanding the conscious experience through introspection.
20
Q
Archival Research
A
method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions/ search for interesting patterns or relationships.
21
Q
Attrition
A
reducing the # of participants as some drop out of the study over time.
22
Q
Cause-and-Effect
A
changes in one variable cause changes in the other variable.
23
Q
Clinical or Case Study
A
an observational research study focusing on one or a few people.
24
Q
Confirmation Bias
A
ignoring evidence that disproves ideas of beliefs.
25
Confounding Variable
an unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest.
26
Control Group
a group separated from the rest of the experiment.
27
Correlation
a relationship between two or more variables.
28
Cross-Sectional Research
compares multiple segments of a population at a single time.
29
Debriefing
When deception is involved in an experiment the participants are told the complete truth of the experiment afterward.
30
Deception
misleading the participants an experiment to maintain the experiment's integrity.
31
Deductive Reasoning
results are predicted based on a general premise.
32
Dependent Variable
the measured variable to see the effects that the independent variable had.
33
Double-Blind Study
an experiment where the researchers and participants are unaware of the group assignments.
34
Empirical
fact-based evidence that can be observed repeatedly no matter the observer.
35
Experimental Group
a group designed to answer a research question.
36
Experimenter Bias
researcher expectations skew the results of the study.
37
Illusory Correlation
seeing relationships between two things when there isn't one.
38
Independent Variable
the variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter.
39
Inductive Reasoning
conclusions are drawn from observations.
40
Informed Consent
a participant knows what to expect during an experiment and then gives consent to participate.
41
Inter-Rater Reliability
a measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event.
42
Longitudinal Research
studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed/measured repeatedly over a long period of time.
43
Naturalistic Observation
observation of behavior in its natural setting.
44
Negative Correlation
two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller.
45
Observer Bias
when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations.
46
Operational Definition
description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables.
47
Placebo Effect
people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation.
48
Positive Correlation
two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller.
49
Random Assignment
when participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group.
50
Random Sample
chosen from a larger set of the population by chance.
51
Reliability
consistency and reproducibility of a given result.
52
Replicate
repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research's reliability.
53
Sample
subset of individuals selected from the larger population.
54
Single-Blind Study
an experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group.
55
Statistical Analysis
determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance.
56
Theory
well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena.
57
Validity
accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure.
58
Action Potential
electrical signal that moves down the neuron's axon.
59
Adrenal Gland
secretes hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, and other critical bodily functions.
60
Agonist
drug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter.
61
All-or-None
phenomenon that incoming signal from another neuron is either sufficient or insufficient to reach the threshold of extinction.
62
Allele
specific version of a gene.
63
Amygdala
structure in the limbic system involved in our experiences of emotions and tying emotional meaning to our memories.
64
Antagonist
drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter.
65
Auditory Cortex
strip of cortex in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory information.
66
Autonomic Nervous System
controls our internal organs and glands.
67
Axon
major extension of the soma.
68
Biological Perspective
psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems.
69
Broca's Area
region in the left hemisphere that is essential for language production.
70
Central Nervous System
brain and spinal cord.
71
Cerebellum
hindbrain structure that controls our balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills, and it is thought to be important in processing some types of memory.
72
Cerebral Cortex
surface of the brain that is associated with our highest mental capabilities.
73
Chromosome
long strand of genetic information.
74
Computerized Tomography Scan
imaging technique in which a computer coordinates and integrates multiple x-rays of a given area.
75
Corpus Callosum
thick band of neural fibers connecting the brain's two hemispheres
76
Dendrite
branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons.
77
Dominant Allele
allele whose phenotype will be expressed in an individual that possesses that allele.
78
Diabetes
disease related to insufficient insulin production.
79
Endocrine System
series of glands that produce chemical substances know as hormones.
80
Epigenetics
study of gene-environment interactions, such as how the same genotype leads to different phenotypes.
81
Fight or Flight Response
activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
82
Forebrain
largest part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the limbic system, among other structures. `
83
Frontal Lobe
part of the cerebral cortex involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language; contains motor cortex.
84
Gene
sequence of DNA that controls or partially controls physical characteristics.
85
Genetic Environmental Correlation
occurs when there are genetically influenced differences in exposure to environmental risk factors.
86
Genotype
genetic makeup of an individual.
87
Glial Cells
nervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport.
88
Gonad
secretes sexual hormones, which are important for successful reproduction, and mediate both sexual motivation and behavior.
89
Gyrus
bump or ridge on the cerebral cortex.
90
Hemisphere
left or right half of the brain.
91
Heterozygous
consisting of two different alleles.
92
Hindbrain
division of the brain containing the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.
93
Hippocampus
structure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory.
94
Homeostasis
state of equilibrium.
95
Homozygous
consisting of two identical alleles.
96
Hormone
chemical messenger released by endocrine glands.
97
Hypothalamus
forebrain structure that regulates sexual motivation and behavior and a number of homeostasis processes.
98
Lateralization
concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated with specialized functions.
99
Limbic System
collection of structures involved in processing emotion an memory.
100
Longitudinal Fissure
deep groove in the brain's cortex.
101
Medulla
hindbrain structure that controls automated processes like breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate.
102
Membrane Potential
difference in charge across the neuronal membrane.
103
Midbrain
division of the brain located between the forebrain and the hindbrain; contains the reticular formation.
104
Motor Cortex
strip of cortex involved in planning and coordinating movement.
105
Mutation
sudden, permanent change in a gene.
106
Myelin Sheath
fatty substance that insulates axons.
107
Nueron
cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system.
108
Occipital Lobe
part of the cerebral cortex associated with visual processing; contains the primary visual cortex.
109
Pancreas
secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar.
110
Parasympathetic Nervous System
associated with routine, day-to-day operations of the body.
111
Parietal Lobe
part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information; contains the primary somatosensory cortex.
112
Peripheral Nervous System
connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, organs and senses in the periphery of the body.
113
Phenotype
individual's inheritable physical characteristics.
114
Pituitary Gland
secretes a number of key hormones, which regulate fluid levels in the body, and a number of messenger hormones, which direct the activity of other glands in the endocrine system.
115
Polygenic
multiple genes affecting a given trait.
116
Pons
hindbrain structure that connects the brain and spinal cord; involved in regulating brain activity during sleep.
117
Prefrontal Cortex
area in the frontal lobe responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning.
118
Psychotropic Medication
drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance.
119
Range of Reation
asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall.
120
Receptor
protein on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach.
121
Recessive Allele
allele whose phenotype will be expressed only if an individual is homozygous for that allele.
122
Resting Potential
the state of readiness of neuron membrane's potential between signals.
123
Reticular Formation
midbrain structure important in regulating the sleep/wake cycle, arousal, alertness, and motor activity.
124
Reuptake
neurotransmitter is pumped back into the neuron that released it.
125
Semipermeable Membrane
cell membrane that allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules.
126
Soma
cell body
127
Somatic Nervous System
relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS.
128
Somatosensory Cortex
essential for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain.
129
Substantia Nigra
midbrain structure where dopamine is produced; involved in control of movement.
130
Sulcus
depressions or grooves in the cerebral cortex.`
131
Sympathetic Nervous System
involved in stress-related activities and functions.
132
Synapse
small gap between two neurons where communication occurs.
133
Synaptic Vesicle
storage site for neurotransmitters.
134
Temporal Lobe
part of cerebral cortex associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language; contains primary auditory cortex.
135
Terminal Button
axon terminal containing synaptic vesicles.
136
Thalamus
sensory relay for the brain
137
Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
states that organisms that are better suited for their environments will survive and reproduce compared to those that are poorly suited for their environments.
138
Threshold of Excitation
level of charge in the membrane that causes the neuron to become active.
139
Thyroid
secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite.
140
Ventral Tegmental Area
midbrain structure where dopamine is produced: associated with mood, reward, and addiction.
141
Wernicke's Area
important for speech comprehension.
142
Alpha Wave
type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized.
143
Biological Rhythm
an internal cycle of biological activity.
144
Cataplexy
lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles.
145
Central Sleep Apnea
a sleep disorder involving periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain regulate breathing.
146
Circadian Rhythm
the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.
147
Codeine
opiate with relatively low potency is often prescribed for minor pain.
148
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that are sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia.
149
Collective Unconscious
theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures.
150
Consciousness
awareness of internal and external stimuli.
151
Delta Wave
type of low frequency, high amplitude brain.
152
Depressant
a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity.
153
Euphoric High
feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use.
154
Evolutionary Psychology
discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection.
155
Hallucinogen
class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations.
156
Homeostasis
tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system.
157
Hypnosis
state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli.
158
Insomnia
consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time.
159
Jet Lag
symptoms brought on by travel from one-time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment.
160
K-complex
very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli.
161
Latent Content
the hidden meaning of a dream.
162
Lucid Dream
people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content.
163
Manifest Content
the storyline of events that occur during a dream.
164
Mediation
clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus.
165
Melatonin
a hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle.
166
Meta-analysis
a study that combines the result of several related studies.
167
Methadone
a synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users.
168
Methadone Clinic
uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users.
169
Methamphetamine
type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused.
170
Narcolepsy
sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times.
171
Night Terror
sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment.
172
non-REM
period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement.
173
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
sleep disorder is defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway.
174
Opiate/Opioid
category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties.
175
Parinsomnia
one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep.
176
Physical Dependence
changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use.
177
Pineal Gland
endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin.
178
Psychological Dependence
emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug that may be used to relieve psychological distress.
179
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
sleep disorders in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams.
180
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels o physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams.
181
Restless Leg Syndrome
sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs.
182
Rotating Shift Work
work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis.
183
Sleep Apnea
sleep disorder is defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep.
184
`Sleep Debt
result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis.
185
Sleep Rebound
sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep.
186
Sleep Regulation
brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well coordinating this cycle with the outside world.
187
Sleep Spindle
a rapid burst of high-frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory.
188
Sleepwalking
sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors.
189
Stage 1 Sleep
the transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep.
190
Stage 2 Sleep
the second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles.
191
Stage 3 Sleep
the third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves.
192
Stage 4 Sleep
the fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves.
193
Stimulant
a drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.
194
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
infant (1+) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep.
195
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located.
196
Theta Wave
type of low frequency, low amplitude brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 sleep.
197
Tolerance
state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect.
198
Wakefulness
characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior.
199
Withdrawal
variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued.
200
Absolute Threshold
the minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time.
201
Afterimage
continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus.
202
Amplitude
height of a wave.
203
Basilar Membrane
the thin strip of tissue within the cochlea that contains the hair cells which serve as the sensory receptors for the auditory system.
204
Binaural Cue
two-eared cue to localize sound.
205
Binocular Cue
cue that relies on the use of both eyes.
206
Binocular Disparity
a slightly different view of the world that each eye receives.
207
Blind Spot
a point where we cannot respond to visual information in that portion of the visual field.
208
Bottom-Up Processing
system in which perceptions are build from sensor input.
209
Closure
organizing our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts.
210
Cochlea
the fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells of the auditory system.
211
Conductive Hearing Loss
failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles.
212
Cone
specialized photoreceptor that works best in bright light conditions and detects color.
213
Congenital Insensitivity to Pain
a genetic disorder that results in the inability to experience pain.
214
Cornea
transparent covering over the eye.
215
Decibel
logarithmic unit of sound intensity.
216
Depth Perception
ability to perceive depth.
217
Electromagnetic Spectrum
all the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment.
218
Figure-Ground Relationship
segmenting our visual world into figure and ground.
219
Fovea
small indentation in the retina that contains cones.
220
Frequency
the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period.
221
Gestalt Psychology
field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts.
222
Good Continuation
we are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines rather than jagged, broken lines.
223
Hair Cell
Auditory receptor cell of the inner ear.
224
Hertz (Hz)
cycles per second; a measure of frequency.
225
Inattentional Blindness
failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention.
226
Incus
middle ear ossicle; also known as the anvil.
227
Inflammatory Pain
signal that some type of tissue damage has occurred.
228
Interaural Level Difference
the sound coming from one side of the body is more intense at the closest ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through the head.
229
Interaural Timing Difference
the small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at the ear.
230
Iris
colored portion of the eye.
231
Just Noticeable Difference
the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli.
232
Kinesthesia
perception of the body's movement through space.
233
Lens
the curved, transparent structure that provides an additional focus for light entering the eye.
234
Malleus
middle ear ossicle; also known as the hammer.
235
Meissner's Corpuscle
touch receptor that responds to pressure and lower frequency vibrations.
236
Merkel's Disk
touch receptor that responds to light touch.
237
Monaural Cue
one-eared cue to localize sound.
238
Monocular Cue
cue that requires only one eye.
239
Neuropathic Pain
pain from damage to neurons of either peripheral or central nervous system.
240
Nociception
the sensory signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain.
241
Olfactory Bulb
bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe, where the olfactory nerves begin.
242
Olfactory Receptor
sensory cell for the olfactory system.
243
Opponent-Process Theory of Color Perception
color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and red-green.
244
Optic Chiasm
represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes and the separation of information from the two sides of the visual field to the opposite side of the brain.
245
Optic Nerve
carries visual information from the retina to the brain/
246
Pacinian Corpuscle
touch receptor that detects transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations.
247
Pattern Perception
ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes.
248
Peak
the highest point of a wave.
249
Perceptual Hypothesis
educated guess used to interpret sensory information.
250
Pheromone
chemical message sent by another individual.
251
Photoreceptor
light-detecting cell.
252
Pinna
the visible part of the ear that protrudes from the head.
253
Pitch
perception of a sound's frequency.
254
Place Theory of Pitch Perception
different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.
255
Principle of Closure
organize perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts.
256
Proprioception
perception of body position.
257
Pupil
a small opening in the eye through which light passes.
258
Retina
the light-sensitive lining of the eye.
259
Rod
specialized photoreceptor that detects stretch.
260
Ruffini Corpuscle
touch receptor that detects stretch.
261
Sensation
what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
262
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain.
263
Sensory Adaptation
not perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time.
264
Signal Detection Theory
change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state.
265
Similarity
things that are alike tend to be grouped together.
266
Stapes
middle ear ossicle; also known as the stirrup.
267
Subliminal Message
message presented below the threshold of conscious awareness.
268
Taste Bud
grouping of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud.
269
Temporal Theory of Pitch Perception
sound's frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron.
270
Thermoception
temperature perception.
271
Timbre
sound's purity.
272
Top-Down Processing
interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts.
273
Transduction
conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential.
274
trichromatic Theory of Color Perception
color vision is mediated by the activity across the three groups of cones.
275
Trough
the lowest point of a wave.
276
Tympanic membrane
eardrum
277
Umami
taste for monosodium glutamate.
278
Vertigo
spinning sensation.
279
Vestibular Sense
contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture.
280
Visible Spectrum
the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see.
281
Wavelength
length of a wave from one peak to the next peak.
282
Acquisition
initial learning period in classical conditioning in which humans/animals begin to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin the elicit the conditioned response.
283
Associative Learning
form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment.
284
Classical Conditioning
learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior.
285
Cognitive Mag
the mental picture of the layout of the environment.
286
Conditioned Response
the response caused by the conditioned stimulus.
287
Conditioned Stimulus
the stimulus that elicits a response because it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
288
Continuous Reinforcement
rewarding a behavior every time it occurs.
289
Extinction
decrease in the CR when the UCS is no longer paired with the CS.
290
Fixed Interval Reinforcement Schedule
behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time.
291
Fixed Ratio Reinforcement Schedule
set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded.
292
Habituation
when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change.
293
Higher-Order Conditioning
using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus.
294
Instinct
unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior.
295
Latent Learning
learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it.
296
Law of Effect
behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged.
297
Learning
change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience.
298
Model
a person who performs a behavior that serves as an example.
299
Negative Punishment
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior.
300
Negative Reinforcement
taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior.
301
Neutral Stimulus
a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response.
302
Observational Learning
type of learning that occurs by watching others.
303
Operant Conditioning
form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated.
304
Partial Reinforcement
rewarding behavior only some of the time.
305
Positive Punishment
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior.
306
Positive Reinforcement
adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior.
307
Primary Reinforcer
has innate reinforcing qualities.
308
Punishment
implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior.
309
Reflex
unlearned, an automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment.
310
Reinforcement
implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior.
311
Secondary Reinforcer
has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else.
312
Shaping
rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior.
313
Spontaneous Recovery
the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.
314
Stimulus Discrimination
ability to respond differently to similar stimuli.
315
Stimulus Generalization
demonstration the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
316
Unconditioned Response
natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus.
317
Unconditioned Stimulus
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response.
318
Variable Interval Reinforcement Schedule
behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed.
319
Variable Ratio Reinforcement Schedule
the number of responses differs before a behavior is rewarded.
320
Vicarious Punishment
a process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior.
321
Vicarious Reinforcement
a process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior.
