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Psych-101 > Ch.1,2,3,4,5 & 6 > Flashcards

Ch.1,2,3,4,5 & 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

American Psychological Association

A

an organization representing psychologists in the United States

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2
Q

Behaviorism

A

focus on observing and controlling behavior

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3
Q

Biopsychology Model

A

a point of view that biology, psychology, and social all determine an individual’s health.

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4
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

the area that focuses on diagnosing and treating psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior.

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5
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

study of cognitions, thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions.

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6
Q

Counseling Psychology

A

an area that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals.

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7
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

scientifically studying a human’s lifespan.

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8
Q

Dissertation

A

a long research paper that a doctoral student conducts as part of their training.

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9
Q

Empirical Method

A

method for acquiring knowledge based on observation and experimentation.

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10
Q

Forensic Psychology

A

an area that applies science/practice of psychology to issues within/related to the justice system.

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11
Q

Functionalism

A

a focus on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment.

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12
Q

Humanism

A

a perspective that humans are good by nature.

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13
Q

Introspection

A

a person examined their conscious experience to break them down into its component parts.

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14
Q

Personality Psychology

A

the study of patterns and behaviors that make individuals unique.

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15
Q

Personality Trait

A

a pattern of thought and behavior.

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16
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior.

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17
Q

Psychology

A

the scientific study of the mind and behavior

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18
Q

Sport and Exercise Psychology

A

focus on interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sport/exercise-related activities.

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19
Q

Structuralism

A

understanding the conscious experience through introspection.

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20
Q

Archival Research

A

method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions/ search for interesting patterns or relationships.

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21
Q

Attrition

A

reducing the # of participants as some drop out of the study over time.

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22
Q

Cause-and-Effect

A

changes in one variable cause changes in the other variable.

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23
Q

Clinical or Case Study

A

an observational research study focusing on one or a few people.

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24
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

ignoring evidence that disproves ideas of beliefs.

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25
Q

Confounding Variable

A

an unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest.

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26
Q

Control Group

A

a group separated from the rest of the experiment.

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27
Q

Correlation

A

a relationship between two or more variables.

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28
Q

Cross-Sectional Research

A

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time.

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29
Q

Debriefing

A

When deception is involved in an experiment the participants are told the complete truth of the experiment afterward.

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30
Q

Deception

A

misleading the participants an experiment to maintain the experiment’s integrity.

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31
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

results are predicted based on a general premise.

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32
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the measured variable to see the effects that the independent variable had.

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33
Q

Double-Blind Study

A

an experiment where the researchers and participants are unaware of the group assignments.

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34
Q

Empirical

A

fact-based evidence that can be observed repeatedly no matter the observer.

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35
Q

Experimental Group

A

a group designed to answer a research question.

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36
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

researcher expectations skew the results of the study.

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37
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

seeing relationships between two things when there isn’t one.

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38
Q

Independent Variable

A

the variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter.

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39
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

conclusions are drawn from observations.

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40
Q

Informed Consent

A

a participant knows what to expect during an experiment and then gives consent to participate.

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41
Q

Inter-Rater Reliability

A

a measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event.

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42
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed/measured repeatedly over a long period of time.

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43
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

observation of behavior in its natural setting.

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44
Q

Negative Correlation

A

two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller.

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45
Q

Observer Bias

A

when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations.

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46
Q

Operational Definition

A

description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables.

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47
Q

Placebo Effect

A

people’s expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation.

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48
Q

Positive Correlation

A

two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller.

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49
Q

Random Assignment

A

when participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group.

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50
Q

Random Sample

A

chosen from a larger set of the population by chance.

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51
Q

Reliability

A

consistency and reproducibility of a given result.

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52
Q

Replicate

A

repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research’s reliability.

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53
Q

Sample

A

subset of individuals selected from the larger population.

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54
Q

Single-Blind Study

A

an experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group.

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55
Q

Statistical Analysis

A

determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance.

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56
Q

Theory

A

well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena.

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57
Q

Validity

A

accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure.

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58
Q

Action Potential

A

electrical signal that moves down the neuron’s axon.

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59
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

secretes hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, and other critical bodily functions.

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60
Q

Agonist

A

drug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter.

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61
Q

All-or-None

A

phenomenon that incoming signal from another neuron is either sufficient or insufficient to reach the threshold of extinction.

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62
Q

Allele

A

specific version of a gene.

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63
Q

Amygdala

A

structure in the limbic system involved in our experiences of emotions and tying emotional meaning to our memories.

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64
Q

Antagonist

A

drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter.

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65
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

strip of cortex in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory information.

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66
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

controls our internal organs and glands.

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67
Q

Axon

A

major extension of the soma.

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68
Q

Biological Perspective

A

psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems.

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69
Q

Broca’s Area

A

region in the left hemisphere that is essential for language production.

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70
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord.

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71
Q

Cerebellum

A

hindbrain structure that controls our balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills, and it is thought to be important in processing some types of memory.

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72
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

surface of the brain that is associated with our highest mental capabilities.

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73
Q

Chromosome

A

long strand of genetic information.

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74
Q

Computerized Tomography Scan

A

imaging technique in which a computer coordinates and integrates multiple x-rays of a given area.

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75
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

thick band of neural fibers connecting the brain’s two hemispheres

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76
Q

Dendrite

A

branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons.

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77
Q

Dominant Allele

A

allele whose phenotype will be expressed in an individual that possesses that allele.

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78
Q

Diabetes

A

disease related to insufficient insulin production.

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79
Q

Endocrine System

A

series of glands that produce chemical substances know as hormones.

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80
Q

Epigenetics

A

study of gene-environment interactions, such as how the same genotype leads to different phenotypes.

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81
Q

Fight or Flight Response

A

activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

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82
Q

Forebrain

A

largest part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the limbic system, among other structures. `

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83
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language; contains motor cortex.

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84
Q

Gene

A

sequence of DNA that controls or partially controls physical characteristics.

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85
Q

Genetic Environmental Correlation

A

occurs when there are genetically influenced differences in exposure to environmental risk factors.

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86
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup of an individual.

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87
Q

Glial Cells

A

nervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport.

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88
Q

Gonad

A

secretes sexual hormones, which are important for successful reproduction, and mediate both sexual motivation and behavior.

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89
Q

Gyrus

A

bump or ridge on the cerebral cortex.

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90
Q

Hemisphere

A

left or right half of the brain.

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91
Q

Heterozygous

A

consisting of two different alleles.

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92
Q

Hindbrain

A

division of the brain containing the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.

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93
Q

Hippocampus

A

structure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory.

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94
Q

Homeostasis

A

state of equilibrium.

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95
Q

Homozygous

A

consisting of two identical alleles.

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96
Q

Hormone

A

chemical messenger released by endocrine glands.

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97
Q

Hypothalamus

A

forebrain structure that regulates sexual motivation and behavior and a number of homeostasis processes.

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98
Q

Lateralization

A

concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated with specialized functions.

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99
Q

Limbic System

A

collection of structures involved in processing emotion an memory.

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100
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

deep groove in the brain’s cortex.

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101
Q

Medulla

A

hindbrain structure that controls automated processes like breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate.

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102
Q

Membrane Potential

A

difference in charge across the neuronal membrane.

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103
Q

Midbrain

A

division of the brain located between the forebrain and the hindbrain; contains the reticular formation.

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104
Q

Motor Cortex

A

strip of cortex involved in planning and coordinating movement.

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105
Q

Mutation

A

sudden, permanent change in a gene.

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106
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

fatty substance that insulates axons.

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107
Q

Nueron

A

cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system.

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108
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex associated with visual processing; contains the primary visual cortex.

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109
Q

Pancreas

A

secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar.

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110
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

associated with routine, day-to-day operations of the body.

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111
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information; contains the primary somatosensory cortex.

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112
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, organs and senses in the periphery of the body.

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113
Q

Phenotype

A

individual’s inheritable physical characteristics.

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114
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

secretes a number of key hormones, which regulate fluid levels in the body, and a number of messenger hormones, which direct the activity of other glands in the endocrine system.

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115
Q

Polygenic

A

multiple genes affecting a given trait.

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116
Q

Pons

A

hindbrain structure that connects the brain and spinal cord; involved in regulating brain activity during sleep.

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117
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

area in the frontal lobe responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning.

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118
Q

Psychotropic Medication

A

drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance.

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119
Q

Range of Reation

A

asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall.

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120
Q

Receptor

A

protein on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach.

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121
Q

Recessive Allele

A

allele whose phenotype will be expressed only if an individual is homozygous for that allele.

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122
Q

Resting Potential

A

the state of readiness of neuron membrane’s potential between signals.

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123
Q

Reticular Formation

A

midbrain structure important in regulating the sleep/wake cycle, arousal, alertness, and motor activity.

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124
Q

Reuptake

A

neurotransmitter is pumped back into the neuron that released it.

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125
Q

Semipermeable Membrane

A

cell membrane that allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules.

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126
Q

Soma

A

cell body

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127
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS.

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128
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

essential for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain.

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129
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

midbrain structure where dopamine is produced; involved in control of movement.

130
Q

Sulcus

A

depressions or grooves in the cerebral cortex.`

131
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

involved in stress-related activities and functions.

132
Q

Synapse

A

small gap between two neurons where communication occurs.

133
Q

Synaptic Vesicle

A

storage site for neurotransmitters.

134
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

part of cerebral cortex associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language; contains primary auditory cortex.

135
Q

Terminal Button

A

axon terminal containing synaptic vesicles.

136
Q

Thalamus

A

sensory relay for the brain

137
Q

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

A

states that organisms that are better suited for their environments will survive and reproduce compared to those that are poorly suited for their environments.

138
Q

Threshold of Excitation

A

level of charge in the membrane that causes the neuron to become active.

139
Q

Thyroid

A

secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite.

140
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area

A

midbrain structure where dopamine is produced: associated with mood, reward, and addiction.

141
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

important for speech comprehension.

142
Q

Alpha Wave

A

type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized.

143
Q

Biological Rhythm

A

an internal cycle of biological activity.

144
Q

Cataplexy

A

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles.

145
Q

Central Sleep Apnea

A

a sleep disorder involving periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain regulate breathing.

146
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

147
Q

Codeine

A

opiate with relatively low potency is often prescribed for minor pain.

148
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

A

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that are sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia.

149
Q

Collective Unconscious

A

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures.

150
Q

Consciousness

A

awareness of internal and external stimuli.

151
Q

Delta Wave

A

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain.

152
Q

Depressant

A

a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

153
Q

Euphoric High

A

feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use.

154
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection.

155
Q

Hallucinogen

A

class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations.

156
Q

Homeostasis

A

tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system.

157
Q

Hypnosis

A

state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli.

158
Q

Insomnia

A

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month’s time.

159
Q

Jet Lag

A

symptoms brought on by travel from one-time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment.

160
Q

K-complex

A

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli.

161
Q

Latent Content

A

the hidden meaning of a dream.

162
Q

Lucid Dream

A

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream’s content.

163
Q

Manifest Content

A

the storyline of events that occur during a dream.

164
Q

Mediation

A

clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus.

165
Q

Melatonin

A

a hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle.

166
Q

Meta-analysis

A

a study that combines the result of several related studies.

167
Q

Methadone

A

a synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users.

168
Q

Methadone Clinic

A

uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users.

169
Q

Methamphetamine

A

type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused.

170
Q

Narcolepsy

A

sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times.

171
Q

Night Terror

A

sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment.

172
Q

non-REM

A

period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement.

173
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A

sleep disorder is defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway.

174
Q

Opiate/Opioid

A

category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties.

175
Q

Parinsomnia

A

one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep.

176
Q

Physical Dependence

A

changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use.

177
Q

Pineal Gland

A

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin.

178
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug that may be used to relieve psychological distress.

179
Q

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep

A

sleep disorders in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams.

180
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

A

sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels o physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams.

181
Q

Restless Leg Syndrome

A

sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs.

182
Q

Rotating Shift Work

A

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis.

183
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

sleep disorder is defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep.

184
Q

`Sleep Debt

A

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis.

185
Q

Sleep Rebound

A

sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep.

186
Q

Sleep Regulation

A

brain’s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well coordinating this cycle with the outside world.

187
Q

Sleep Spindle

A

a rapid burst of high-frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory.

188
Q

Sleepwalking

A

sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors.

189
Q

Stage 1 Sleep

A

the transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep.

190
Q

Stage 2 Sleep

A

the second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles.

191
Q

Stage 3 Sleep

A

the third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves.

192
Q

Stage 4 Sleep

A

the fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves.

193
Q

Stimulant

A

a drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

194
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

A

infant (1+) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep.

195
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A

area of the hypothalamus in which the body’s biological clock is located.

196
Q

Theta Wave

A

type of low frequency, low amplitude brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 sleep.

197
Q

Tolerance

A

state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect.

198
Q

Wakefulness

A

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior.

199
Q

Withdrawal

A

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued.

200
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

the minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time.

201
Q

Afterimage

A

continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus.

202
Q

Amplitude

A

height of a wave.

203
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

the thin strip of tissue within the cochlea that contains the hair cells which serve as the sensory receptors for the auditory system.

204
Q

Binaural Cue

A

two-eared cue to localize sound.

205
Q

Binocular Cue

A

cue that relies on the use of both eyes.

206
Q

Binocular Disparity

A

a slightly different view of the world that each eye receives.

207
Q

Blind Spot

A

a point where we cannot respond to visual information in that portion of the visual field.

208
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

system in which perceptions are build from sensor input.

209
Q

Closure

A

organizing our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts.

210
Q

Cochlea

A

the fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells of the auditory system.

211
Q

Conductive Hearing Loss

A

failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles.

212
Q

Cone

A

specialized photoreceptor that works best in bright light conditions and detects color.

213
Q

Congenital Insensitivity to Pain

A

a genetic disorder that results in the inability to experience pain.

214
Q

Cornea

A

transparent covering over the eye.

215
Q

Decibel

A

logarithmic unit of sound intensity.

216
Q

Depth Perception

A

ability to perceive depth.

217
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

all the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment.

218
Q

Figure-Ground Relationship

A

segmenting our visual world into figure and ground.

219
Q

Fovea

A

small indentation in the retina that contains cones.

220
Q

Frequency

A

the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period.

221
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

222
Q

Good Continuation

A

we are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines rather than jagged, broken lines.

223
Q

Hair Cell

A

Auditory receptor cell of the inner ear.

224
Q

Hertz (Hz)

A

cycles per second; a measure of frequency.

225
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention.

226
Q

Incus

A

middle ear ossicle; also known as the anvil.

227
Q

Inflammatory Pain

A

signal that some type of tissue damage has occurred.

228
Q

Interaural Level Difference

A

the sound coming from one side of the body is more intense at the closest ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through the head.

229
Q

Interaural Timing Difference

A

the small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at the ear.

230
Q

Iris

A

colored portion of the eye.

231
Q

Just Noticeable Difference

A

the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli.

232
Q

Kinesthesia

A

perception of the body’s movement through space.

233
Q

Lens

A

the curved, transparent structure that provides an additional focus for light entering the eye.

234
Q

Malleus

A

middle ear ossicle; also known as the hammer.

235
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscle

A

touch receptor that responds to pressure and lower frequency vibrations.

236
Q

Merkel’s Disk

A

touch receptor that responds to light touch.

237
Q

Monaural Cue

A

one-eared cue to localize sound.

238
Q

Monocular Cue

A

cue that requires only one eye.

239
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

pain from damage to neurons of either peripheral or central nervous system.

240
Q

Nociception

A

the sensory signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain.

241
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe, where the olfactory nerves begin.

242
Q

Olfactory Receptor

A

sensory cell for the olfactory system.

243
Q

Opponent-Process Theory of Color Perception

A

color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and red-green.

244
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes and the separation of information from the two sides of the visual field to the opposite side of the brain.

245
Q

Optic Nerve

A

carries visual information from the retina to the brain/

246
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle

A

touch receptor that detects transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations.

247
Q

Pattern Perception

A

ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes.

248
Q

Peak

A

the highest point of a wave.

249
Q

Perceptual Hypothesis

A

educated guess used to interpret sensory information.

250
Q

Pheromone

A

chemical message sent by another individual.

251
Q

Photoreceptor

A

light-detecting cell.

252
Q

Pinna

A

the visible part of the ear that protrudes from the head.

253
Q

Pitch

A

perception of a sound’s frequency.

254
Q

Place Theory of Pitch Perception

A

different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

255
Q

Principle of Closure

A

organize perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts.

256
Q

Proprioception

A

perception of body position.

257
Q

Pupil

A

a small opening in the eye through which light passes.

258
Q

Retina

A

the light-sensitive lining of the eye.

259
Q

Rod

A

specialized photoreceptor that detects stretch.

260
Q

Ruffini Corpuscle

A

touch receptor that detects stretch.

261
Q

Sensation

A

what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

262
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain.

263
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

not perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time.

264
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state.

265
Q

Similarity

A

things that are alike tend to be grouped together.

266
Q

Stapes

A

middle ear ossicle; also known as the stirrup.

267
Q

Subliminal Message

A

message presented below the threshold of conscious awareness.

268
Q

Taste Bud

A

grouping of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud.

269
Q

Temporal Theory of Pitch Perception

A

sound’s frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron.

270
Q

Thermoception

A

temperature perception.

271
Q

Timbre

A

sound’s purity.

272
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts.

273
Q

Transduction

A

conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential.

274
Q

trichromatic Theory of Color Perception

A

color vision is mediated by the activity across the three groups of cones.

275
Q

Trough

A

the lowest point of a wave.

276
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

277
Q

Umami

A

taste for monosodium glutamate.

278
Q

Vertigo

A

spinning sensation.

279
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture.

280
Q

Visible Spectrum

A

the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see.

281
Q

Wavelength

A

length of a wave from one peak to the next peak.

282
Q

Acquisition

A

initial learning period in classical conditioning in which humans/animals begin to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin the elicit the conditioned response.

283
Q

Associative Learning

A

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment.

284
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior.

285
Q

Cognitive Mag

A

the mental picture of the layout of the environment.

286
Q

Conditioned Response

A

the response caused by the conditioned stimulus.

287
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

the stimulus that elicits a response because it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

288
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs.

289
Q

Extinction

A

decrease in the CR when the UCS is no longer paired with the CS.

290
Q

Fixed Interval Reinforcement Schedule

A

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time.

291
Q

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement Schedule

A

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded.

292
Q

Habituation

A

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change.

293
Q

Higher-Order Conditioning

A

using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus.

294
Q

Instinct

A

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior.

295
Q

Latent Learning

A

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it.

296
Q

Law of Effect

A

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged.

297
Q

Learning

A

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience.

298
Q

Model

A

a person who performs a behavior that serves as an example.

299
Q

Negative Punishment

A

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior.

300
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior.

301
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response.

302
Q

Observational Learning

A

type of learning that occurs by watching others.

303
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

304
Q

Partial Reinforcement

A

rewarding behavior only some of the time.

305
Q

Positive Punishment

A

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior.

306
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior.

307
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

has innate reinforcing qualities.

308
Q

Punishment

A

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior.

309
Q

Reflex

A

unlearned, an automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment.

310
Q

Reinforcement

A

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior.

311
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else.

312
Q

Shaping

A

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior.

313
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

314
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli.

315
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

demonstration the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

316
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus.

317
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response.

318
Q

Variable Interval Reinforcement Schedule

A

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed.

319
Q

Variable Ratio Reinforcement Schedule

A

the number of responses differs before a behavior is rewarded.

320
Q

Vicarious Punishment

A

a process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behavior.

321
Q

Vicarious Reinforcement

A

a process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior.

Psych-101 (1 decks)

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