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BIO101 > Ch1,2,3,19 > Flashcards

Ch1,2,3,19 Flashcards

1
Q

darwin defined evolution as

A

descent with modification

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2
Q

what does the unifying theory of life say?

A

many basic characteristics are shared by all living things

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3
Q

what did aristotle believe?

A

that all living forms could be arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity

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4
Q

what view did darwin contrast with?

A

he contrasted with religious beliefs thag god created everything in one week and everything was left unchanged

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5
Q

what did carolus linnaeus found?

A

the binomial classification system - AKA taxonomy of species

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6
Q

what did cuvier believe?

A

believed that extinctions found in fossils were due to catastrophes

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7
Q

what did lyell believe?

A

uniformitarianism - influences darwin on how living organisms could change OVER TIME

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8
Q

what did charles darwin do?

1) theory of acquired characteristics
2) proposed natural selection as mechanism of evolution
3) first to discover that living things can evolve

A

2)

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9
Q

which macromolecule is NOT a polymer

A

lipids

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10
Q

what are the 6 characteristics of all living things

A

1) made up of cells
2) reproduce
3) grow
4) detect and respond
5) evolve
6) use/gather energy

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11
Q

what are 3 processes that underlie evolution and explain them?

A

1) natural selection (best qualities are perpetuated)
2) inheritance (genes from parents)
3) genetic variation (mutations)

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12
Q

what are the 3 domains that encompass all living things

A

archaea
bacteria
eukarya

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13
Q

what are the 4 subdivisions of eukarya

A

1) fungi
2) plants
3) animals
4) protists

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14
Q

all protists are

A

eukaryotes and unicellular

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15
Q

what 3 characteristics are used to classify an organism

A

1) cell type
2) energy acquisition (auto/heterotrophs)
3) number of cells

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16
Q

what 3 features are shared by all cells?

A

1) plasma membrane
2) organelles (ribosomes)
3) DNA

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17
Q

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

1) prokaryotes: no nucleus, smaller, less complex, bacteria/archaea
2) eukaryotes: nucleus, membrane-bound organelles

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18
Q

explain each person’s beliefs:

1) smith
2) cuvier
3) lyell
4) lamarck
5) darwin and wallace

A

1) certain fossils are always found in the same rock layer
2) flood destroyed most species; some survived
3) uniformitarianism: earth and species shaped by slow geological events
4) organisms evolve through use and disuse of traits
5) organisms who are able to reproduce more, survive

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19
Q

***what are darwin’s 4 postulates?

A

1) some individuals of a species survive and reproduce
2) individuals of a population differ (no two individuals are alike)
3) traits are passed down
4) survival and reproduction is dependent on traits (“survival of the fittest”)

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20
Q

how do we know that evolution has occurred? (4)

A

1) fossil record
2) comparative anatomy
3) embryological similarities (chicken egg similar to human embryo)
4) biochemical similarities (genome of mouse similar to genome of human)

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21
Q

DEFINE

1) homologous
2) analogous
3) vesitigial

A

1) similar structure, different functions (hand vs wing)
2) different structure, similar function (2 birds wings)
3) structure that exists that we don’t use (tailbone)

22
Q

does evolution still occur today?

A

yes (antibiotic resistance, plants resistant to pesticides)

23
Q

what is matter?

A

has mass and takes up space

24
Q

what are molecules?

A

compounds made up of multiple atoms

25
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

positive part of a molecule bonds with the negative part of another molecule

26
Q

***why is water so important? (5)

A

1) cohesion: water’s ability to stick to itself (surface tension)
2) universal solvent (polar)
3) high specific heat (maintains homeostasis)
4) ice is less dense
5) exists as solid, liquid and gas

27
Q

true/false: all elements have the same mass number

A

false

28
Q

divergent
vs
convergent evolution

A

1) species evolve from the same species and gradually give rise to other species (ex: darwin’s finches) DIVERGE from common ancestor
2) species evolve from different species but develop similar characteristics (ex: wings in birds and insects)

29
Q

explain the evolution of drug resistant bacteria

A

when you stop taking antibiotics, the stronger bacteria stays alive and evolves the next time you take antibiotics they are resistant

30
Q

electronegativity

A

an atoms attractions of electrons

31
Q

polar vs nonpolar electronegativity

A

1) polar: when atoms are unequally shared (one atom pulls more)
2) nonpolar: when atoms are equally shared (both pull the same)

32
Q

ionic vs covalent bonds

A

1) ionic: electrons transferred (opposite charges)

2) covalent: electrons shared

33
Q

what is the weakest bond

A

hydrogen bond

34
Q

electron shell

A

the orbit occupied with electrons around an atom

35
Q

how to adhesion and cohesion help water up a tree?

A
  • evaporation pulls water up roots, water adheres to cell walls of tree to repel gravity
  • cohesion allows the water to keep a column shape as it goes up the tree
36
Q

cohesion vs adhesion

A

1) cohesion: waters ability to stick to itself

2) adhesion: waters ability to stick to other substances

37
Q

two oxygen atoms form a ____ covalent bond

A

double

38
Q

hydrophobic vs hydrophilic

polar/nonpolar and ionic/nonionic

A

1) hydrophobic: repels water (nonpolar and nonionic)

2) hydrophilic: attracts water (polar and ionic)

39
Q 
1) acid 
vs 
2) base 
vs
3) neutral
A

1) pH <7, increase in H+
2) pH >8, increase in OH-
3) pH=7, no change in H+/OH-

40
Q

buffer

  • def
  • excess H+…
  • excess OH-
A

counters changes in H+/OH- concentrations in a solution

  • excess H+, buffer accepts H+
  • excess OH-, buffer releases H+
41
Q

organic vs inorganic molecules

A

1) organic
- contains C, H, O
- large and complex

2) inorganic
- don’t contain C
- not complex

42
Q

functional groups

A

determine chemical characteristics (polarity, reactivity) of molecules

43
Q

monomer vs polymer

A

monomer = single molecule (glucose)

polymer = chain of monomers (glycogen, chain of glucose)

44
Q

carbohydrate

A

a chain of sugars

45
Q

monosaccharide vs disaccharide vs polysaccharide

A

1) mono: one sugar
2) dis: 2 monosaccharides
3) poly: 3+ monosaccharides

46
Q

starch vs glycogen vs cellulose

A

1) starch: storage in plants, somewhat branched
2) glycogen: storage in animals, somewhat branched
3) cellulose: structure in plants (cell walls), not branched

47
Q

characteristics of lipids

A
  • hydrophobic, insoluble

- large nonpolar hydrocarbons

48
Q

describe phospholipid

A

hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head

49
Q

what is the defining feature of steroids

A

4 carbon rings attached

50
Q

protein

A

polymer made of amino acid monomers that link through covalent peptide bonds

(acts as enzymes and hormones)

51
Q

what are lipids made up

A

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

52
Q

saturated vs unsaturated

A

1) saturated: solid and single bonds

2) unsaturated: liquid and double bonds

BIO101 (1 decks)

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