Ch1,2,3,19 Flashcards
darwin defined evolution as
descent with modification
what does the unifying theory of life say?
many basic characteristics are shared by all living things
what did aristotle believe?
that all living forms could be arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity
what view did darwin contrast with?
he contrasted with religious beliefs thag god created everything in one week and everything was left unchanged
what did carolus linnaeus found?
the binomial classification system - AKA taxonomy of species
what did cuvier believe?
believed that extinctions found in fossils were due to catastrophes
what did lyell believe?
uniformitarianism - influences darwin on how living organisms could change OVER TIME
what did charles darwin do?
1) theory of acquired characteristics
2) proposed natural selection as mechanism of evolution
3) first to discover that living things can evolve
2)
which macromolecule is NOT a polymer
lipids
what are the 6 characteristics of all living things
1) made up of cells
2) reproduce
3) grow
4) detect and respond
5) evolve
6) use/gather energy
what are 3 processes that underlie evolution and explain them?
1) natural selection (best qualities are perpetuated)
2) inheritance (genes from parents)
3) genetic variation (mutations)
what are the 3 domains that encompass all living things
archaea
bacteria
eukarya
what are the 4 subdivisions of eukarya
1) fungi
2) plants
3) animals
4) protists
all protists are
eukaryotes and unicellular
what 3 characteristics are used to classify an organism
1) cell type
2) energy acquisition (auto/heterotrophs)
3) number of cells
what 3 features are shared by all cells?
1) plasma membrane
2) organelles (ribosomes)
3) DNA
prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
1) prokaryotes: no nucleus, smaller, less complex, bacteria/archaea
2) eukaryotes: nucleus, membrane-bound organelles
explain each person’s beliefs:
1) smith
2) cuvier
3) lyell
4) lamarck
5) darwin and wallace
1) certain fossils are always found in the same rock layer
2) flood destroyed most species; some survived
3) uniformitarianism: earth and species shaped by slow geological events
4) organisms evolve through use and disuse of traits
5) organisms who are able to reproduce more, survive
***what are darwin’s 4 postulates?
1) some individuals of a species survive and reproduce
2) individuals of a population differ (no two individuals are alike)
3) traits are passed down
4) survival and reproduction is dependent on traits (“survival of the fittest”)
how do we know that evolution has occurred? (4)
1) fossil record
2) comparative anatomy
3) embryological similarities (chicken egg similar to human embryo)
4) biochemical similarities (genome of mouse similar to genome of human)
DEFINE
1) homologous
2) analogous
3) vesitigial
1) similar structure, different functions (hand vs wing)
2) different structure, similar function (2 birds wings)
3) structure that exists that we don’t use (tailbone)
does evolution still occur today?
yes (antibiotic resistance, plants resistant to pesticides)
what is matter?
has mass and takes up space
what are molecules?
compounds made up of multiple atoms
hydrogen bonds
positive part of a molecule bonds with the negative part of another molecule
***why is water so important? (5)
1) cohesion: water’s ability to stick to itself (surface tension)
2) universal solvent (polar)
3) high specific heat (maintains homeostasis)
4) ice is less dense
5) exists as solid, liquid and gas
true/false: all elements have the same mass number
false
divergent
vs
convergent evolution
1) species evolve from the same species and gradually give rise to other species (ex: darwin’s finches) DIVERGE from common ancestor
2) species evolve from different species but develop similar characteristics (ex: wings in birds and insects)
explain the evolution of drug resistant bacteria
when you stop taking antibiotics, the stronger bacteria stays alive and evolves the next time you take antibiotics they are resistant
electronegativity
an atoms attractions of electrons
polar vs nonpolar electronegativity
1) polar: when atoms are unequally shared (one atom pulls more)
2) nonpolar: when atoms are equally shared (both pull the same)
ionic vs covalent bonds
1) ionic: electrons transferred (opposite charges)
2) covalent: electrons shared
what is the weakest bond
hydrogen bond
electron shell
the orbit occupied with electrons around an atom
how to adhesion and cohesion help water up a tree?
- evaporation pulls water up roots, water adheres to cell walls of tree to repel gravity
- cohesion allows the water to keep a column shape as it goes up the tree
cohesion vs adhesion
1) cohesion: waters ability to stick to itself
2) adhesion: waters ability to stick to other substances
two oxygen atoms form a ____ covalent bond
double
hydrophobic vs hydrophilic
polar/nonpolar and ionic/nonionic
1) hydrophobic: repels water (nonpolar and nonionic)
2) hydrophilic: attracts water (polar and ionic)
1) acid vs 2) base vs 3) neutral
1) pH <7, increase in H+
2) pH >8, increase in OH-
3) pH=7, no change in H+/OH-
buffer
- def
- excess H+…
- excess OH-
counters changes in H+/OH- concentrations in a solution
- excess H+, buffer accepts H+
- excess OH-, buffer releases H+
organic vs inorganic molecules
1) organic
- contains C, H, O
- large and complex
2) inorganic
- don’t contain C
- not complex
functional groups
determine chemical characteristics (polarity, reactivity) of molecules
monomer vs polymer
monomer = single molecule (glucose)
polymer = chain of monomers (glycogen, chain of glucose)
carbohydrate
a chain of sugars
monosaccharide vs disaccharide vs polysaccharide
1) mono: one sugar
2) dis: 2 monosaccharides
3) poly: 3+ monosaccharides
starch vs glycogen vs cellulose
1) starch: storage in plants, somewhat branched
2) glycogen: storage in animals, somewhat branched
3) cellulose: structure in plants (cell walls), not branched
characteristics of lipids
- hydrophobic, insoluble
- large nonpolar hydrocarbons
describe phospholipid
hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head
what is the defining feature of steroids
4 carbon rings attached
protein
polymer made of amino acid monomers that link through covalent peptide bonds
(acts as enzymes and hormones)
what are lipids made up
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
saturated vs unsaturated
1) saturated: solid and single bonds
2) unsaturated: liquid and double bonds
