Ch.1 & 2 Flashcards
Evolutionary
Natural selection, ancestral, survival of the fittest, strongest traits/ behaviours
-phobias (passed on by ancestors)
Neuroscience
Enables emotion, memories, sensory, experiences
Behavioural genetics
More modern- evolutionary
- directly transmitted
- great environmental influences
- twins (e.g. Identical) / genetics
- what will happen to the twins behaviour if the twins are separated?**
- twins (e.g. Identical) / genetics
Psychodynamic
Freud!
-caused by conscious and unconscious conflicts
-unconscious drives behaviour
1) Id: basic wants, needs and desires
2) ego: keeps “Id” in check. Reality–follows rules
; uses defence–repression (keeping in subconscious)
; regression (managing anxiety)
; sublimation (find a socially except able outlet; gym, sports, art etc.)
3) super ego: standards, values, conscious, morals *stern “no no” to id
Behavioural perspective
Learned/learning
1) classical conditioning- Pavlov
2) operant conditioning-awards/punishments
3) observational (modelling- “copy cats”)
Cognitive
Thinking, reasoning, judging, preserving
- *understand how people think, to understand their behaviour**
- -attitude influences –> behaviours
Humanistic perspective
Humanistic perspective: Carl Rogers
“Self actualize–> driven to be the best you possibly can be.
** unconditional positive regard
;conditions of love –> meeting standards : self worth
Social cultural:
norms- unwritten rules; behaviours
- religion, attitudes, traditions values
- -individuals “me me me” -> better ourselves
- collective “others” -> better for others, environment, family.
Research method: descriptive
Describing what you see (in objective matter)
A) case study: small group
B) survey: questionnaires, gathering information
C) naturalistic observation: records behaviours in natural environment
Research methods: correlational
\:one trait is related to another. -Pearson product moment correlation coefficient = "r" -strength. Positive x^, y ^ -direction Negative x^, y v
Research methods: experimentation
Manipulates one or more factors (independent variable) to observe the behaviour process or mental process of another (dependant)
- experimental group - exposed to the treatment
- control group - not exposed to the treatment
- confounding variables; causing the change,
- demanding characteristics; giving the results the experimenter wants
- experimenter expectancy- influencing the subjects unconsciously.
- placebo effect- changed based on expectations
- blind study- subjects are in the dark about other groups
- double blind- subjects & experimenter are in the dark about other groups.
Structuralism
Early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Tichener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.
Functionalism
Early school thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioural processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
Behaviourism
The view the psychology (1) should be an objection science that (2) studies behaviour without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)
Humanistic psychology
Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
Cognitive neuroscience
The interdisciplinary study of the Brian activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).
Psychology
The science of behaviour and mental processes
Nature-nurture issue
The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviour s. Today’s psychology science sees traits an,d behaviours. Today’s psychological science sees traits and behaviours arising from the interaction of nature and nurture
Natural selection
The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction amd survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
Levels of analysis
The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
Biopsychosocial approach
An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
Psychology in court
Forensic psychologists apply psychology’s
principles and methods in the criminal justice system. They Aymara assess witness credibility, or testify in court on a defendants state of mind and future risk.
Basic research
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.n
Applied research
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems