Ch.1 & 2 Flashcards
Evolutionary
Natural selection, ancestral, survival of the fittest, strongest traits/ behaviours
-phobias (passed on by ancestors)
Neuroscience
Enables emotion, memories, sensory, experiences
Behavioural genetics
More modern- evolutionary
- directly transmitted
- great environmental influences
- twins (e.g. Identical) / genetics
- what will happen to the twins behaviour if the twins are separated?**
- twins (e.g. Identical) / genetics
Psychodynamic
Freud!
-caused by conscious and unconscious conflicts
-unconscious drives behaviour
1) Id: basic wants, needs and desires
2) ego: keeps “Id” in check. Reality–follows rules
; uses defence–repression (keeping in subconscious)
; regression (managing anxiety)
; sublimation (find a socially except able outlet; gym, sports, art etc.)
3) super ego: standards, values, conscious, morals *stern “no no” to id
Behavioural perspective
Learned/learning
1) classical conditioning- Pavlov
2) operant conditioning-awards/punishments
3) observational (modelling- “copy cats”)
Cognitive
Thinking, reasoning, judging, preserving
- *understand how people think, to understand their behaviour**
- -attitude influences –> behaviours
Humanistic perspective
Humanistic perspective: Carl Rogers
“Self actualize–> driven to be the best you possibly can be.
** unconditional positive regard
;conditions of love –> meeting standards : self worth
Social cultural:
norms- unwritten rules; behaviours
- religion, attitudes, traditions values
- -individuals “me me me” -> better ourselves
- collective “others” -> better for others, environment, family.
Research method: descriptive
Describing what you see (in objective matter)
A) case study: small group
B) survey: questionnaires, gathering information
C) naturalistic observation: records behaviours in natural environment
Research methods: correlational
\:one trait is related to another. -Pearson product moment correlation coefficient = "r" -strength. Positive x^, y ^ -direction Negative x^, y v
Research methods: experimentation
Manipulates one or more factors (independent variable) to observe the behaviour process or mental process of another (dependant)
- experimental group - exposed to the treatment
- control group - not exposed to the treatment
- confounding variables; causing the change,
- demanding characteristics; giving the results the experimenter wants
- experimenter expectancy- influencing the subjects unconsciously.
- placebo effect- changed based on expectations
- blind study- subjects are in the dark about other groups
- double blind- subjects & experimenter are in the dark about other groups.
Structuralism
Early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Tichener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.
Functionalism
Early school thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioural processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
Behaviourism
The view the psychology (1) should be an objection science that (2) studies behaviour without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)
Humanistic psychology
Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
Cognitive neuroscience
The interdisciplinary study of the Brian activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).
Psychology
The science of behaviour and mental processes
Nature-nurture issue
The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviour s. Today’s psychology science sees traits an,d behaviours. Today’s psychological science sees traits and behaviours arising from the interaction of nature and nurture
Natural selection
The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction amd survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
Levels of analysis
The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
Biopsychosocial approach
An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
Psychology in court
Forensic psychologists apply psychology’s
principles and methods in the criminal justice system. They Aymara assess witness credibility, or testify in court on a defendants state of mind and future risk.
Basic research
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.n
Applied research
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
Counselling psychology
A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or relationships) and in achieving greater well-being.
Clinical psychology
A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
Psychiatry
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy
Positive psychology
The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovery and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
Psychology: a science and a profession
Psychologist experiment with, over serve, tests and treat behaviour. Here we see psychologist testing a child, measuring emotion-related physiology, and doing face-to-face therapy.
Hindsight bias
The tendency to believe, after an outcome, that one would have foreseen it, “I knew it all along”
Critical thinking
Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. “What do you mean” “how do you know”
Theory
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predictions on behaviours or events
Hypothesis
A testable predictions, often implied by a theory
Operational definition
A statement off the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For examples, human intelligence maybe operationally defined as “what an intelligence test measures.”
Replication
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
Case study
An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Naturalistic observation
Observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situations
Survey
A technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviours of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
Population
All those in a group being studied, form which studies can be drawn
Random sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Experimentation
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent) to observe the behavioural process of another (dependant)
Experimental group
In an experiment, the group is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent
Control group
Not expensed to the treatment. Used as base to contrast with those that received the treatment
Random assignment
Assigning control group and experimental groups by chance, therefor minimizing differences between the different groups
Confounding
variables causing the change
Demand characteristics
Giving the results the experimenter wants
Experimenter expectancy
Influencing the subjects unconsciously
Placebo effect
Changed based on expectations
Douple blind study
Subjects and experimenter are in the dark about other groups
Blind study
Subjects are in the dark about the other groups
Independent variable
The experimental factor other that is manipulated;the variable whose effect is being studied
Confounding variable
A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
Dependant variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
Culture
The enduring behaviours, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions by a group and transmitted from one generation to the next
Informed consent
Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate
Debriefing
The postexperimental explanation of a study, including purpose and any deceptions, to its participants
Testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.
SQ3R
a study method to enhance memory: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review
Biological psychology
the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. (some biological psychologists call themselves behavioural neuroscientists, neuropsychologist, behaviour geneticists, psychological psychologists or bio psychologists.
Neuron
a nerve cell: generates electricity and releases chemicals
Resting potential of the neuron?
-70mV
Action potential threshold of neuron?
-55mV (will fire/ discharge
Action potential?
all or nothing
Acetylcholine (ach)
to less- paralisis
to much- muscle spasm
Serotonin
Sleep, Pleasure, Pain
to less- depression
SSRI’s - increasing drug
Dopamine
Addictions, reward system, feeling pleasure, emotion, motor movement
too much- schizophrenia
GABA
inhibitory, dampens cortex, relaxes you
not enough- anxiety
Glutamate
excitement, learning, memories
not enough- Alzheimer’s
Synapse
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.
the tiny gap between id the synaptic gape or cleft
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. they determine whether there will be a neural impulse.
Endorphins
natural neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
Nervous system
the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
Central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
all nerves outside the CNS
Nerves
bundled axons that form neural connection the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs
Sensory neurons
neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
Motor neurons
neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
Interneurons
neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor neurons
Somatic nervous system
sensory neurons: eyes, ears, skin
motor neurons: spine, muscles. organs
Autonomic
sympathetic, fight or flight,
pupils, heart rate, blood pressure.
Parasympathetic nervous system
slows everything back down. makes you calm.
Reflex
a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus. knee and hammer.
Endocrine system
the body’s slow chemical communication system: a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
Hormones
chemical messages that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
Adrenal glands
a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress
Pituitary glands
the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
Lesion
Tissue destruction. a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of the brain tissues.
Brainstem
the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions
Medulla
the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
Thalamus
the brain’s sensory router, located at the top of the brainstem; it directs messaged to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
Cerebellum
the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem;
functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.
Limbic system
neural system (hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives
Amygdala
two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.
Hypothalamus
a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus;
