ch1 Flashcards
Disorder
general abnormality in mental, physical, or
psychological functioning
Impairment
indicates disorder creates a barrier
Disability
more specific – associated with a loss of physical functioning or a
challenge in learning and social adjustment – interferes with typical growth and
development
Handicap
is a limitation imposed on the individual by the demands in the
environment and is related to the individual’s ability to adapt or adjust to those
demands. Literal meaning “cap in hand”.
Exceptional
comprehensive label - individual whose physical, intellectual, or
behavioral performance differs substantially from what is typical
Why do we label?
Many social services and educational programs for
people who are exceptional require the use of labels to
distinguish who is eligible for services and who is not
A process called
labeling is used by every society to identify people
who differ significantly from the accepted norm.
* The Effects of Being Labeled?
Positive or Negative (based on society’s standards)
Separating the Person and the Label
- Person First language
- They are not the label
DESCRIBING PEOPLE WITH
DIFFERENCES
When Someone Doesn’t Conform to the Norm
Developmental Approach
* Cultural Approach
* Self-labeling
Developmental
is someone’s deviations from the average:
* is based on an individual’s deviations from an average in the areas of physical, social, and
intellectual growth.
Cultural
what a society values as normal – different from society norms when
disapproved of others members within a dominant culture.
* “Typical” defined by what any given society values
Self Labeling -
how we perceive ourselves, not on how others see us.
Person First Language
first and foremost the person before the disability
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DISABILITY
People perceived as different faced
*infanticide – strongest will survive
*slavery
*physical abuse
*abandonment
20TH CENTURY
CONTRADICTIONS
Treatment and education opportunities increasing
* Government started to provide services- ADA 1990
* School offered special classes
Societal view more negative and accusatory
Parents – blamed – seen as unfit
* Marriage and sterilization – blue laws
* Evolved into social isolation – communicable conditions
* Institutionalized
BEGINNING OF PARENTAL
INVOLVEMENT
By 1950’s, in U.S., more than 1 million in mental hospitals and institutions.
▪ Societal apathy and discrimination toward people with disabilities.
▪ Parent advocacy groups formed
PARENT GROUPS
United Cerebral Palsy – formed 1949.
▪ National Association for Retarded Children (NARC) – 1950
▪ National Society for Autistic Children – 1961
▪ Association for Children with Learning Disabilities – 1964
Landmarks
GOALS OF PARENT GROUPS
All of these groups had similar goals
▪ Educate the public
▪ Ensure right to education, medical treatment, and social
services.
▪ Groups formed during early Civil Rights movements.
LANDMARK COURT CASES
Civil Rights Movement
Brown vs. Topeka Kansas Board of Education
▪Separate is not equal
▪ 1954
▪1956- NARC - call to action
▪1960 – government became activity engaged
▪1961 – boost to acknowledgment
CATALYSTS CASES
PARC vs. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1971)
▪Children denied right to free and appropriate public
education on the basis of Intellectual Disability
Mills vs. District of Columbia Board of Education (1971)
▪All children with disabilities, in addition to children with
intellectual disabilities
FEDERAL LAW
Public law 94-142, Vocational Rehabilitation Act, Section 504 (1973)
Individuals with disabilities cannot be excluded from
participation in, denied benefits of, or subjected to
discrimination under any benefit or activity
receiving federal financial assistance.
EDUCATION OF THE
HANDICAPPED ACT
Public law 94-142(1975)
Free and appropriate education (FAPE) for all children
* Parent involvement
* Multi-disciplinary and nondiscriminatory testing
* Education in the least restrictive environment
* Development of individualized education plan for each child.
Set the stage for passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
(1990)
idea
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a law that
makes available a free appropriate public education to
eligible children with disabilities throughout the nation and ensures
special education and related services to those children.
The IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early
intervention, special education, and related services to more than 7.5
million (as of school year 2018-19) eligible infants, toddlers, children,
and youth with disabilities.
Infants and toddlers, birth through age 2, with disabilities and their
families receive early intervention services under IDEA Part C.
Children and youth ages 3 through 21 receive special education and
related services under IDEA Part B
THE ADA DEFINITION OF
DISABILITY
Having a physical or mental impairment that
substantially limits him or her in some major life
activity, and having experienced discrimination
resulting from this physical or mental impairment.
THE AMERICANS WITH
DISABILITIES ACT (ADA)
Mandate to end discrimination against people with
disabilities in
* private sector employment,
* all public services,
* public accommodations,
* transportation
* and telecommunications
INTENT OF THE ADA
The intent of ADA is to create a “fair and level playing field” for all eligible
persons with disabilities.
*To do so the law specifies that reasonable
accommodations need to be made that take into
account each person’s need resulting from his or
her disabilities.
*Reasonable Accommodations – effectiveness
ADA Amendments Act (2008)
*Expands to include “perceived” disability
*Previously, had to prove that it limited major life
activity
*Now, that the EMPLOYER perceived it as an
impairment
