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Bio208 > Ch1 > Flashcards

Ch1 Flashcards

1
Q

Temporal Scale

A

time

  • fine scale = millisecond
  • course scale = centuries
  • fine and course scale need different methods of study
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2
Q

MacArthur Study

A

Studied Warblers in zones of conifer trees

  • predicted species with the same ecological requirements can’t coexist due to competition
  • identified warblers have specific feeding areas on trees
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3
Q

Schlindler’s Study

A

Large scale study on eutrophication in lakes

Eutrophication = too much nutrients in aquatic lands due to pollution, causing a lack of O2

Added phosphorus in Lake Erie to stimulate nutrient pollution

Found water quality in phosphorus lakes was poor dur to surplus of algae harming ecosystem

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4
Q

Vegetation pollen records

A
  • Pollen near lakes falls into water, becoming trapped in sediment and eventually a historic record
  • Large temporal change
  • Pollen displays history of vegetation
  • As climate changes, plants change geographical distributions and undergo evolutionary adaptations
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5
Q

Spatial Pattern Detection

A

Used to study large marine environments with spectral analysis

Also used on land

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6
Q

Effects of tilt of Earth, temperature, and precipitation patterns on Atmospheric circulation

A
  • Earth is unevenly heated due to its tilt, this causes predictable latitudinal/seasonal variation in climate
  • The equator is warmest
  1. warm air rises
  2. cools and condenses
  3. cooler, dry air falls back to surface
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7
Q

Coriolis Effect

A
  1. Earth’s rotation affects movement of objects across it’s surface
  2. Earth turn’s W>E and the equator moves the fastest
  3. Northern hemisphere = objects deflected right
    Southern hemisphere = objects deflected left

Deflection is stronger at poles

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8
Q

Soil type

A

Horizon O
- Composed of organic material

Horizon A
- Composed of mineral material (clay, slit, sand) incorporated with organic material
- Burrowing animals
- Lots of nutrients
- Fe, Al, silicates, humus

Horizon B
- Contains clay, slit, humus and other materials transported from A
- Decomposition of material gives B a distinct colour

Horizon C
- Deepest layer
- Weathered plant material from frost/water but less weathered than other soils

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9
Q

Microclimates

A

Dramatic influences on biome distribution

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10
Q

Rain shadow effect

A

Dry microclimate caused by mountain terrain near oceans

  • warm/moist air from water loses moisture by the time it reaches the leeward side
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11
Q

Why biodiversity is important for soil

A
  1. Carbon nutrients cycle
  2. Soil respiration
  3. Nutrient transfer
  4. Climate change
  5. Invasive species

biodiversity = micro/macro fauna, fungi, bacteria, byrophytes

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12
Q

Biomes

A
  • Tundra
  • Taiga
  • Temporal Forest
  • Temporal Grassland
  • Woodland and Shrubland
  • Desert
  • Tropical Savanna
  • Tropical Dry Forest
  • Tropical Rain Forest
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13
Q

Tundra

A
  • N of artic circle = 66 degrees
  • 200-600mm rain
  • Low decomp rates = poor soil

Climate:
Cold and dry with short summers.
Precipitation>Evaporation rate due to low temp
Summers = short and soggy

Soil:
Soil building slow due to slow decomp of organic matter
Surface soils thaw in summer, permafrost layer stays below
Soilification: Annual freezing/thawing on surface soil along with gravity causes slow soil movement in tundra

Biology:
Dominated by herbaceous plants, eaten by reindeer

Human Influence;
Oil, airborn pesticides, Hg accumalation

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14
Q

Taiga

A
  • 50-60 degrees latitude
  • 200-600mm precip

Climate:
- low evaporation bc long winters

Soil:
- thin and acidic soil = low fertility

Biology:
- dominated by conifers
- trees pollinate via wind

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15
Q

Temperate Forests

A
  • 40-50 latitude
  • 650-3000mm precip
  • fertile soil

Climate:
- temperatures not extreme
- precip mostly in winter
- winter = 3-4 months
- summer dry and drought

Soil:
- fertile
- slow/conservative nutrient movement
neutral/slightly acidic
- rich in organic and inorganic material

Biology:
- high biodiversity
- lots of fungi, bacteria, etc consuming forest floor

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16
Q

Temperate Grassland

A
  • 30-50 latitude
  • 300-1000m precip
  • periodic drought

Climate:
- cold winters hot summers
- periodic drought = prone to fires

Soil:
- lots of organic matter
- fertile
- lots of parent material

Biology:
- fires exclude woody vegetation
- many herbavoura

17
Q

Woodland/Shrubland

A
  • 30-40 latitude
  • occurs on all continents

Climate:
- fall/winter/spring = moist
- summer hot and dry
- ideal condition for intense fires due to dense vegetation and dryness

Soil:
- moderate fertility
- erosion can be severe

Biology:
- Diverse and show adaptions to drought
- Trees/shrubs have tough leaves to resist water evaporation
- nitrogen fixing mutualistic microbes
- decomp slows in summer
- fire resistant bark on trees
- herbaceous plants die in summer

18
Q

Desert

A
  • 30 latitude
  • waterloss>precip
  • low organic material
  • animal abundance low, diversity high

Climate:
- waterloss due to evaporation/transpiration by plants exceeds precip
- drought for all months

Soil:
- low fertility
- Lithosols - stone/mineral soil low in organic matter
- salt conditions high in poorly drained valleys = high aridity making it hard for plants to extract water
- Caliche - calcium-carbonate-rich hard pan horizon forms in aged soils

Biology:
- Plants protect photosynthetic surfaces from excessive sunlight w/ hairs
- small or no leaves
- some plants remain dormant until wet periods

19
Q

Tropical Savanna

A
  • 10-20 latitude N and S of tropical dry forest
  • Climate = wet/dry
  • wildfires from drought

Climate:
- alternates dry and wet seasons
- rain in beginning of wet season
causes lightning = fires
- fires maintain scattered tree landscape

Soil:
- layers w/ low permeability to help savannas persist in wet areas
- Keeps soil waterlogged in wet seasons

Biology:
- lots of activity, particularly in ground level

20
Q

Tropical Dry Forest

A
  • 10-25 latitude
  • more seasonal than rainforest
  • heavy agriculture due to high soil nutrients and prone to erosion

Climate:
- dry season=6-7 months
- rainfal=5-6 months

Soils:
- tends to be very aged and slightly acidic
- nutrient dense
- vulnerable to erosion due to rain quantity

Biology
- forest height correlated w/ precip rate
- tall trees in wet areas
- plants pollinate w/ fruit and wind

21
Q

Tropical Rain Forest

A
  • 10 latitude
  • little temp variation
  • 2000-4000mm precip
  • organisms add vertical dimensions
  • harbor medicine and food

Climate:
- year-round warm temp = 25-27C
- lots of rain

Soil:
- Heavy rains cause soil nutrients
- organic matter low bc or rapid decomp
- soil nutrient poor and acidic

Biology:
- tree domination
- primary production highest of all biomes
- plants rely on micorrhizae

22
Q

Soilification

A

Annual freezing/thawing on surface soil along with gravity causes slow soil movement in tundra

23
Q

Lithosols

A
  • Lithosols - stone/mineral soil low in organic matter
  • in deserts
24
Q

Caliche

A
  • Caliche - calcium-carbonate-rich hard pan horizon forms in aged soils
  • in desers
25
Q

Ecozones, ecoregions, ecodistrict

A

Ecozones (largest) - encompass broad climate zones and species distributions.

Ecoregions - divide ecozones into smaller regions with shared climate, soil, and vegetation.

Ecodistricts (smallest) - focus on local ecosystems with unique landforms, soils, and habitats.

Bio208 (3 decks)

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