Ch1

Question 1

Descriptive statistics

Answer 1

Organize summarize and communicate a group of numerical observations

Question 2

Inferential statistics

Answer 2

Use sample data to make estimates about the larger population

Question 3

Sample

Answer 3

Set of observations drawn from the population of interest

Question 4

Population

Answer 4

Which includes all possible observations about which we would like to known something

Question 5

Variables

Answer 5

Observations of physical attitudinal and behavioral characteristics that can take on different values

Question 6

Discrete observations

Answer 6

Take on only specific values no other value can exist between these numbers

Question 7

Continuous observations

Answer 7

Can take on a full range of values (numbers out to several decimal places) and infinite number of potential values exists

Question 8

Nominal variables

Answer 8

Are used for observations that have categories or names as their values

Question 9

Ordinal variables

Answer 9

Are used for observations that have rankings as their values (1,2,3)

Question 10

Interval variables

Answer 10

Are used for observations that have numbers as their values, the distance (or interval) between pairs of consecutive numbers is assumed to be equal

Question 11

Ratio variables

Answer 11

Variables that meet the criteria for interval variables but also have meaning zero points

Question 12

Scale variable

Answer 12

Variables that meets the criteria for an interval variable or a ratio variable

Question 13

Levels

Answer 13

Are the discrete values or conditions that variables can take on

Question 14

Independent variables

Answer 14

Has at least two levels that we either manipulate or observe to determine its effect on the dependent variable

Question 15

Dependent variable

Answer 15

Is the outcome variable that we hypothesize to be related to or caused by changes in the independent variable

Question 16

Confounding variable

Answer 16

Is any variable that systematically varies with the independent variable so that we cannot logically determine which variable is at work

Question 17

Reliable

Answer 17

Measure is consistent

Question 18

Valid

Answer 18

Measure is one that measures what it was intended to measure

Question 19

Hypothesis testing

Answer 19

Process of drawing conclusions about whether a particular relation between variables is supported by the evidence

Question 20

Operational definition

Answer 20

Specifies the operations or procedures used to measure or manipulate a variable

Question 21

Random assignment

Answer 21

Every participant in the study has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups or experiments

Question 22

Experiment

Answer 22

Is a study where participants are randomly assigned to a condition or level of one or more independent variables

Question 23

Between groups research design

Answer 23

Is an experiment in which participants experience one and only one level of independent variable

Question 24

Within groups research design

Answer 24

Experiment in which all participants in the study experience the different levels of the independent variable

Question 25

Data ethics

Answer 25

A set of principles related to all stages of working with data