CH1 Flashcards
kinematics
branch of mechanics that describe the motion of a body without consideration of forces or torques that may produce motion
variable with kinematics
position
velocity
acceleration
translation
linear motion in which all parts of a rigid body move parallel to and in the same direction as every part of the body
rotation
motion in which an assumed rigid body moves in a circular path around some pivot point
center of mass
2nd sacral vertebrae
sagittal plane movements
flex ext
dorsiflex plantar flex
forward and backward bending
frontal plane movements
abd add
lateral flex
ulnar and radial deviation
eversion and inversion
horizontal plane of movement
ER
IR
Axial rotation
axis of rotation location
convex member of the joint
accessory movements
passive translation of a joint due to the natural laxity within a joint
proximal segment rotates relative to a
fixed distal segment
distal segment rotates relative to a
fixed proximal segment
kinematic chain
refers to a series of articulated segmented links
pelvis->thigh->leg->foot
open chain
distal segment of the kinematic chain is not fixed and is able to move
closed kinematic chain
distal segment of a kinematic chain is fixed and not able to move
arthrokinematics
motion that occurs between the articular surfaces of joints
closed pack position
joint position of max congruency near end range of motion
loose packed position
all positions other than closed pack position
when is a joint least congruent?
mid range
noncapsular patterns may indicate
joint derangement
restriction o
kinetics
branch of study of mechanics that describes the effect of forces on the body
6 types of loads
unloaded tension compression bending shear torsion combined loading
stress-strain curve
provides a means for better understanding load accepting capabilities of a tissue
plastic region
where you have damage where the tissue has microtears and is longer than before
toe
region on stress strain curve with very little strain
rotating
when a force is applied at some perpendicular to the axis of rotation
muscle action
potential for a muscle to cause a torque in a particular rotation direction and plane
1st muscle action
determine the rotational degrees of freedom allowed at the joint
2nd muscle action
identify axis of rotation for the plane of movement interested in
3rd muscle action
identify where line of muscle action falls relative to the joint axis of rotation
Antagonist
muscle or muscle group that is considered to have opposite action of a particular agonist
synergists
muscles that cooperate during the execution of a particular movement
4th muscle action
when 2 or more muscles simultaneously produce force in different linear direction with the resulting torques acting in the same rotary direction (pelvic tilt)
EMA=
IMA/EMA
fibrous
stabilized by specialized dense connective tissues usually with high concentration of collagen
cartilaginous
stabilize by varying forms of flexible
7 elements of diathrosis
articular cartilage joint capsule synovial membrane synovial fluid ligaments blood vessels sensory
may appear in diarthroses
disc or meniscus peripheral labrum fat pad bursa plicae
4 primary tissues in the body
connective tissue
muscle
nerve
epithelium
periarticular connective tissues include
fibrous proteins
ground substance
cells
Collagen %
30% of proteins
Collagen 1
thick
collagen 2
thin
elastin
net like interweaving of small fibrils that resist stretching forces
ground substance
water saturated gel containing proteoglycans, GAGS, water and solutes
what contributes to poor ability of joint tissues
sparseness of cells and limited blood supply
periarticular connective tissue types
dense connective tissue
articular cartilage
fibrocartilage
dense connective tissue
relatively low elastin, low to moderate proteoglycan, they resist tension
articular cartilage
high proportion type 2 collagen, relatively high proteoglycan content, aneural (cant be source of pain
fibrocartilage
high type 1 collagen fibers, dissipates loads across multiple plains
DCT
straight
Fibrocartilage cell orientation
swirlier
responses to physical stress theory
decreased stress tolerance maintenance increased stress tolerance injury death
ellipsoid motion
biplanar
physiologic cross-sectional area
reflection of the amount of active proteins available to generate a contraction force.
series elastic components
attached in series non contractile desmin titan on the line
parallel elastic components
surround and lie parallel with active proteins, dense connective tissue
passive tension
Stretching a whole muscle elongates both the series and parallel elastic components generating a spring-like resistance known as
sliding filament hypothesis
active force is generated as actin filaments slide past myosin filaments.
negative work
active shock absorption
1 rm strength training increase
30%-40%
isometric strength training
10%
hypertrophy
starts at 6 week
3-6%
strength loss per day during immobilization
