Ch.1

Question 1

Overconfidence effect

Answer 1

tendency to be to sure in what we know such that we are unreasonably confident we are correct

Question 2

confirmation bias

Answer 2

tendency to highlight and believe evidence that support what we already confidently believe/know

Question 3

summative

Answer 3

cumulative/always growing

psychological knowledge is summative (always growing)

Question 4

what is the scientific/research approach to psychology?

Answer 4

• understand the normative experience people have

- involves experimental studies of perception, thought, emotion and behaviour

Question 5

who created the scientific approach to psychology?

Answer 5

Wilhelm Wundt and William James (Germany)

Question 6

what is the clinical approach to psychology?

Answer 6

psychological disorders. seek to understand abnormal behaviours
psychotherapy, psychiatry, and a clinical/medical practice (treat psychological disorders like chronic anxiety, depression, etc)

Question 7

who founded the clinical approach to psyc?

Answer 7

Sigmund Freud

**both the clinical and scientific branches have merged (research informs clinical)

Question 8

pseudoscience

Answer 8

makes claims apparently based on science but are not supported by reliable scientific evidence

Question 9

empirical evidence

Answer 9

founded on sound observation and accurate measurement (via technology for example)

*best form of evidence

Question 10

what are some empirically-based scientific tools?

Answer 10

• questionnaires
• functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which measures brain functions by looking at changes in oxygen levels in the blood flowing through the brain

Question 11

monism

Answer 11

a theory that states that the mind exists in the physical world/body
located in the brain

Question 12

Some psychologists note that much of the existing knowledge base in psychology is based on WEIRD samples

Answer 12

research participants from:
Western
Educated
Industrialized
Rich
Democratic backgrounds

Question 13

what is the evolutionary perspective?

Answer 13

what behavioural aspect are a result of evolution

Question 14

cultural perspective

Answer 14

seeks to identify how culture affects ppls thoughts and preferences

Question 15

culture

Answer 15

the rules, values, customs, and beliefs that exist within a group of ppl who share a common language and environment

Question 16

emotional perspective

**different than the cognitive perspective (Look at PSYC 101 notes)

Answer 16

used to understand how our capacity to feel, express, and perceive emotions plays an important role in decision making, behaviour, and social relationships.

Question 17

does unconscious processes play a role in human behaviour?

Answer 17

Yes! Sometimes our conscious choices get in the way of unconscious preferences that are better at knowing what we want

Question 18

biological neuroscience perspective

Answer 18

tries to understand the biology behind how we think, act and behave.

Question 19

neuroscience

Answer 19

the study of how nerves and cells send and receive information from the brain, body and spinal cord

Question 20

What research tool is best suited to the biological-neuroscience perspective?

Answer 20

brain imaging techniques (fMRI): measure brain activity

Question 21

Personality psychologists/the personality perspective

Answer 21

try to understand traits of behaviours that are relatively consistent/stable over time and situations

Question 22

social psychologist

Answer 22

subfield of psychology
- studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behaviour (how people interact; persuasion, stereotypes, etc)
- consider how immediate social contexts influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviours, independent of personality.
developed by Kurt Lewin

Question 23

what is a growth mindset?

Answer 23

believing that personality ad behaviour can change

sticking to goals when experiencing set backs = growth

Question 24

what is positive psychology?

Answer 24

a movement that emphasizes the factors that make people happy, healthy and help manage stress

the scientific study of important human experiences, such as hope, faith, courage, and creativity

Question 25

three components of positive psychology

Answer 25

1. positive emotion + pleasure
2. engagement with life
   3 good relationships + history of accomplishment

Question 26

is introspection using critical thinking

Answer 26

no! thinking about yourself is not relying on evidence

Question 27

all processes are biological

Answer 27

The brain is central to psychology, and it also underlies all biological processes.
The biological–neuroscience perspective focuses on the interactions between biology and mind and behavior.