Ch01 Intro to Statistics

Question 0

Population

Answer 0

set of all individuals of interest in a particular study

Question 1

Statistics

Answer 1

set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information

Question 2

Sample

Answer 2

set of individuals selected from a population, typically to represent the population in a study

Question 3

Variable

Answer 3

characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals

Question 4

Data / Datum

Answer 4

measurement(s) or observation(s), commonly called a score or raw score

Question 5

Data Set

Answer 5

collection of measurements or observations (data)

Question 6

Parameter

Answer 6

value, typically numeric, that describes a population

usually derived from measurements of individuals in a population

Question 7

Statistic

Answer 7

value, typically numeric, that describes a sample

usually derived from measurements of individuals in a sample

Question 8

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 8

statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data

Question 9

Inferential Statistics

Answer 9

consist of techniques that allows us to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected

Question 10

Sampling Error

Answer 10

naturally occurring discrepancy / error that exists between a sample statistic and the correspondence being population parameter

Question 11

Correlational Method

Answer 11

two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them

Question 12

Experimental Method

Answer 12

one variable is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured

all other variables should be controlled

Question 13

Independent Variable

Answer 13

variable that is manipulated (what you change)

Question 14

Dependent Variable

Answer 14

variable that is observed (what you want to see change / stay the same)

Question 15

Control Group / Condition

Answer 15

provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental group / condition

no changes done to group

Question 16

Experimental Group / Conditon

Answer 16

receive the experimental treatment

observe what happens

Question 17

Constructs

Answer 17

internal attributed or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing behavior

(hunger or intelligence)

Question 18

Operational Definition

Answer 18

identifies a measurement procedure (set of operations) for measuring a construct

defines the construct in terms of the resulting measurements

Question 19

Discrete Variable

Answer 19

consists of separate, indivisible categories

no values can exist between two neighboring categories (no gaps)

restricted to whole numbers

Question 20

Continuous Variable

Answer 20

infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values

divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts

(time, mass)

Question 21

Real Limits

Answer 21

boundaries of intervals for scores that are continuous

always halfway between adjacent categories
X=31.1, lower real limit=31.05, upper=31.15

Question 22

Nominal Scale

Answer 22

consists of a set of categories that have different names

label and categorize observations, but do not make any quantitative distinctions between observations

(major, cannot say one is less than or more than the other)

numbers can be names (room numbers)

Question 23

Ordinal Scale

Answer 23

consists of categories that are organized I an ordered sequence

rank observations in terms of size or magnitude

Question 24

Interval Scale

Answer 24

consists of ordered categories that are all intervals if exactly the same size

Question 25

Ratio Scale

Answer 25

interval scale where ratios of numbers reflect ratios of magnitude

has an absolute zero point

Question 26

Summation Notation

Answer 26

sum of the scores

∑X = add all scores for variable X

10, 6, 7, 4 -> ∑26, N=4