Ch01 - Biochemistry and Organization of Cell Flashcards
How do the molecules that play a role in living cells compare to those encountered in organic chemistry?
a. They are the same, just operating in a different context.
b. Biological molecules are organic molecules, but the similarity ends there.
c. Biological molecules aren’t similar to organic molecules at all.
d. Biology isn’t based on molecules at all, but a “vital force”.
a. They are the same, just operating in a different context.
Which of the following shows the correct order from most simple to most complex:
a. atom, molecule, organelle, macromolecule
b. molecule, atom, macromolecule, organelle
c. tissue, cell, organ
d. atom, macromolecule, tissue, organ
d. atom, macromolecule, tissue, organ
Which of the following best defines organic chemistry?
a. The study of compounds contained in organisms.
b. The study of compounds containing organs.
c. The study of compounds containing carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives.
d. The study of compounds containing elements other than carbon.
c. The study of compounds containing carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives.
Which of the following is NOT one of the primary simple molecules that scientists believe must have ultimately led to
creating living things?
a. ammonia
b. carbon dioxide
c. hydrogen
d. simple carbohydrates
d. simple carbohydrates
Which of the following was part of the vital force theory?
a. The compounds found in living things are just like those found in the non-living world.
b. The compounds found in living things are interesting but can easily be produced in the laboratory.
c. The compounds found in living things cannot be produced in the laboratory
c. The compounds found in living things cannot be produced in the laboratory
The synthesis of urea from ammonium cyanate.
a. was a critical component of the Miller-Urey experiment.
b. requires a protein as a catalyst.
c. helped dispel the vital force theory.
d. supported the vital force theory.
c. helped dispel the vital force theory.
Which of the following is NOT a Functional Group?
a. Amino group
b. Protein
c. Alcohol group
d. Carbonyl group
b. Protein
Which of the following functional groups is specific to an alcohol?
a. -NH
b. -OH
c. -C=O
d. C=C
e. O-P
b. -OH
Which of the following functional groups are NOT commonly seen in biomolecules?
a. Alkyl halides
b. Amides
c. Carboxylic acids
d. Ethers
e. Phosphate esters
a. Alkyl halides
Which of the following statements regarding biomolecules is FALSE?
a. They contain predominantly ionic bonds.
b. They contain predominantly nonmetallic elements.
c. Carbon is the key element.
d. Specific stereoisomers are essential in most cases.
a. They contain predominantly ionic bonds.
All of the following bonds are important in biomolecules, EXCEPT:
a. C−Cl
b. C−H
c. C−N
d. O−H
e. O−P
a. C−Cl
Which of the following statements regarding biopolymers is FALSE?
a. Different sequences of the monomers can lead to different functions.
b. Only soluble polymers can be created from soluble monomers.
c. A wide, almost uncountable variety of polymers can be created from just a few monomers.
d. Different linkages between the monomers can lead to different functions.
e. Biopolymers can fold up into complex shapes.
b. Only soluble polymers can be created from soluble monomers.
Which statement is NOT correct about peptide nucleic acids, PNA?
a. They are combinations of peptides and nucleic acids.
b. Scientists create them to study the origins of life
c. They were proven to be the first hereditary molecule.
d. They may combine the catalytic properties of proteins with the information transfer ability of nucleic acid
e. All of these statements apply to PNA.
c. They were proven to be the first hereditary molecule.
According to the big bang theory of the creation of the universe,
a. the universe has been getting cooler since its beginning
b. the initial explosion caused the creation of all of the elements of the periodic table
c. carbon is the most abundant element in the universe
d. the earth could be no older than 1 billion years
a. the universe has been getting cooler since its beginning
In its earliest stages, which atoms were present in the universe?
a. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
b. hydrogen, helium, and lithium
c. nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous
d. uranium, polonium, and radium
e. helium, neon, and argon
b. hydrogen, helium, and lithium
How are the majority of elements thought to have been formed?
a. By thermonuclear reactions that normally take place in stars.
b. In explosions of stars.
c. By the action of cosmic rays outside the stars since the formation of the galaxy.
d. All of the choices are true
e. None of the choices; all the elements were present from the initial Big Bang.
d. All of the choices are true
What is the chemical formula for ozone?
a. O2
b. O3
c. NH3
d. H2S
e. CH4
b. O3
It is generally believed that the following gas was missing in the primordial atmosphere:
a. H2
b. CO2
c. CH4
d. NH3
e. O2
e. O2
A catalyst
a. increases the rate of a chemical reaction
b. increases the amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction
c. decreases the amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction
d. none of the choices
a. increases the rate of a chemical reaction
The genetic coding material is
a. protein
b. DNA
c. polysaccharide
d. lipid
b. DNA
The presence of two anhydride linkages is an important feature of
a. ATP
b. proteins
c. glucose
d. carbon monoxide
a. ATP
Which of the following best describes the results of the Miller-Urey experiment?
a. It proved that DNA is the genetic material.
b. It produced proteins under conditions simulating the early Earth.
c. It created living cells from non-living materials.
d. It produced some simple organic compounds from a mixture of gases presumed to have existed in the early
atmosphere.
e. All of these results of the Miller-Urey experiment.
d. It produced some simple organic compounds from a mixture of gases presumed to have existed in the early
atmosphere.
The idea that a coding system and a catalysis system came about separately and then combined to form life as we know it is known as
a. the origin of life
b. the big bang theory
c. the double origen theory
d. the theory of evolution
c. the double origen theory
The genetic code
a. determines the order of sugars in a polysaccharide
b. has no effect on the sequence of amino acids in proteins
c. is the means by which the “blueprint” for living organisms is passed from one generation to the next
d. cannot be understood by currently available experimental methods
c. is the means by which the “blueprint” for living organisms is passed from one generation to the next
Biological catalysts are
a. proteins exclusively
b. RNA exclusively
c. DNA exclusively
d. some proteins and some RNA
d. some proteins and some RNA
The main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the existence of _____ in eukaryotes.
a. the nucleus
b. ribosomes
c. DNA
d. RNA
e. cell walls
a. the nucleus
. All of the following features are common to all living organisms, except:
a. Biomolecules
b. Metabolic pathways
c. Cellular structures
d. DNA sequences
e. RNA molecules
c. Cellular structures
All eukaryotic organisms
a. are multicellular
b. have a nucleus
c. have chloroplasts
d. have a cell wall
b. have a nucleus
Cell membranes
a. are found in plants, but not in animals
b. consist mainly of sugars
c. do not allow transport into or out of the cell
d. separate the cell from the outside world
d. separate the cell from the outside world
Which of the following is not a subcellular organelle?
a. nucleus
b. mitochondrion
c. endoplasmic reticulum
d. cytoskeleton
d. cytoskeleton
Energy-yielding oxidation reactions take place in eukaryotic
a. nuclei.
b. ribosomes.
c. mitochondria.
d. endoplasmic reticula.
e. cell walls.
c. mitochondria.
Prokaryotic cells
a. do not have a well defined nucleus
b. are smaller than eukaryotic cells
c. do not have internal membranes
d. all of the above
c. do not have internal membranes
Prokaryotes
a. contain ribosomes
b. do not have a cell membrane
c. contain mitochondria
d. none of the above
a. contain ribosomes
Ribosomes
a. are the site of photosynthesis
b. are the site of protein synthesis
c. are never bound to membranes
d. cannot be seen in the electron microscope
b. are the site of protein synthesis
11 Ribosomes are made up of
a. RNA and proteins
b. DNA and protein
c. RNA and DNA
d. proteins and carbohydrates
a. RNA and proteins
Which of the following cellular components is commonly found in bacteria?
a. Nucleus
b. Ribosomes
c. Chloroplasts
d. Mitochondria
e. More than one of these is characteristic of bacteria.
b. Ribosomes
Which organelle does not contain DNA?
a. Nucleus
b. Mitochondrion
c. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
d. Chloroplast
e. All of these organelles contain DNA
c. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Which cell component is composed of RNA and protein?
a. Nucleus
b. Mitochondrion
c. Endoplasmic Reticulum
d. Chloroplast
e. Ribosome
e. Ribosome
Which cell component has cristae?
a. Nucleus
b. Mitochondrion
c. Endoplasmic Reticulum
d. Chloroplast
e. Ribosome
b. Mitochondrion
Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of ATP?
a. Nucleus
b. Mitochondrion
c. Chloroplast
d. ATP is synthesized in both mitochondria and chloroplasts.
e. ATP is synthesized in all three organelles.
d. ATP is synthesized in both mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Eukaryotic DNA
a. is found in the nucleus
b. is found in the mitochondrion
c. is found in the chloroplast
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of the following statements about eukaryotic nuclei is FALSE?
a. They are separated from the rest of the cell by a single membrane.
b. They contain RNA.
c. They contain chromatin.
d. They play a role in genetics.
a. They are separated from the rest of the cell by a single membrane.
Which cell component does not have a double membrane?
a. Nucleus
b. Lysosome
c. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
d. Chloroplast
e. Mitochondrion
b. Lysosome
Which of the following statements about eukaryotic mitochondria is TRUE?
a. They play a role in genetics.
b. They are the site of photosynthesis in green plants.
c. They have an inner and an outer membrane.
d. They only occur in animals, not plants.
c. They have an inner and an outer membrane.
Which is not a property of ribosomes?
a. They are an assembly of polypeptides and RNA.
b. They are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
c. They function as agents in the biosynthesis of proteins.
d. They are found in the cytoplasm and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
e. All of these statements are true about ribosomes.
d. They are found in the cytoplasm and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Which cell component is able to capture the energy of light?
a. Nucleus
b. Lysosome
c. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
d. Chloroplast
e. Mitochondrion
d. Chloroplast
Which cell component contains many hydrolytic enzymes?
a. Nucleus
b. Lysosome
c. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
d. Chloroplast
e. Mitochondrion
b. Lysosome
The following cellular component is characteristic of eukaryotic cells:
a. Nucleus
b. Ribosomes
c. Chloroplasts
d. Mitochondria
e. More than one of these is characteristic of eukaryotic cells
e. More than one of these is characteristic of eukaryotic cells
The following cellular component is the defining component of eukaryotic cells:
a. Nucleus
b. Ribosomes
c. Chloroplasts
d. Mitochondria
e. Cell membranes
a. Nucleus
The mitochondrial matrix
a. is the location of enzymes needed for oxidation reactions
b. contains an array of microtubules
c. is part of the endoplasmic reticulum
d. lies between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane
a. is the location of enzymes needed for oxidation reactions
The following cellular component is the defining component of most plant cells:
a. Nucleus
b. Ribosomes
c. Chloroplasts
d. Mitochondria
e. Cell walls
c. Chloroplasts
The endoplasmic reticulum
a. is part of a continuous membrane system throughout the cell
b. occurs in two forms, rough and smooth
c. can have ribosomes bound to it
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Chloroplasts
a. contain no DNA
b. are bounded by a single membrane
c. are relatively small organelles
d. are the site of photosynthesis in green plants
d. are the site of photosynthesis in green plants
The Golgi apparatus
a. occurs in prokaryotes
b. is involved in secretion of proteins from the cell
c. is part of the chloroplast
d. is the site of protein synthesis
b. is involved in secretion of proteins from the cell
Lysosomes, peroxisomes, and glyoxysomes are
a. sites of cell damage
b. important in mitosis
c. specialized organelles
d. a part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
c. specialized organelles
Cell walls
a. occur in plants and bacteria
b. occur in plants and animals
c. occur only in plants
d. occur only in bacteria
a. occur in plants and bacteria
Animal cells do not contain
a. a nucleus
b. mitochondria
c. chloroplasts
d. lysosome
c. chloroplasts
A kind of cellular structure present in plant cells but not in human cells is
a. the endoplasmic reticulum
b. a cell wall
c. ribosomes
d. a plasma membrane
b. a cell wall
. Which of the following organelles does not have a double membrane?
a. mitochondrion
b. nucleus
c. endoplasmic reticulum
d. chloroplast
c. endoplasmic reticulum
Which of these kingdoms includes only prokaryotic organisms?
a. Animals
b. Fungi
c. Monera
d. Plants
e. Protista
c. Monera
Which of these eukaryotic kingdoms consists primarily of unicellular organisms?
a. Animals
b. Fungi
c. Plants
d. Protista
e. Both fungi and protista
d. Protista
. In the Five Kingdom classification system, human beings would be considered
a. animals.
b. protists.
c. monera.
d. fungi.
e. none of the above
a. animals.
In the Five Kingdom classification system, Escherichia coli would be considered
a. animals.
b. protists.
c. monera.
d. none of the above.
c. monera.
The endosymbiotic theory describes the origin of
a. the nucleus & ribosomes.
b. the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum.
c. lysosomes and the cytoskeleton.
d. mitochondria & chloroplasts.
d. mitochondria & chloroplasts.
Which of following provides evidence for the endosymbiotic theory describing the origin of mitochondria & chloroplasts?
a. These organelles have their own nuclei.
b. These organelles have their own endoplasmic reticulum.
c. These organelles have their own lysosomes.
d. These organelles have their own DNA.
d. These organelles have their own DNA.
According to thermodynamics, favored processes are
a. ones that require energy.
b. ones that release energy.
c. oxidations.
d. reductions.
b. ones that release energy.
Which of the following is/are true?
a. The hydrolysis of ATP releases energy.
b. Favorable reactions are always fast.
c. The hydrolysis of ATP requires the input of oxygen
d. The hydrolysis of ATP yields more energy per molecule than the reaction of any other compound
a. The hydrolysis of ATP releases energy.
The aerobic combustion of glucose to yield carbon dioxide and water
a. is thermodynamically favorable
b. requires oxygen
c. has a negative Gibb’s free energy
d. all of these are true
d. all of these are true
A spontaneous reaction is
a. exergonic.
b. endergonic.
c. at equilibrium.
d. none of the above.
a. exergonic.
The heat of a reaction at constant pressure is
a. its change in entropy.
b. its change in enthalpy.
c. its change in free energy.
d. its spontaneity.
b. its change in enthalpy.
Match the macromolecules with the monomeric unit in each.
Amino Acid
a. nucleic acids
b. proteins
c. carbohydrate
b. proteins
Match the macromolecules with the monomeric unit in each.
Monosaccharide
a. nucleic acids
b. proteins
c. carbohydrate
c. carbohydrate
Match the macromolecules with the monomeric unit in each.
Nucleotide
a. nucleic acids
b. proteins
c. carbohydrate
a. nucleic acids
Identify the class of basic biomolecules represented by the following structure.
COO-
| H3N+—C—H
|
CH3
a. Carbohydrates
b. Amino acid
c. Nucleotides
d. Lipids
b. Amino acid
Explain the significance of functional groups in biochemistry.
Biomolecules have characteristic functional groups that determine their reactions. Many of these functional groups contain oxygen and nitrogen, which are among the most electronegative elements. As a result, many of these functional groups are polar, and their polar nature plays a crucial role in their reactivity
Which of the following biomolecules forms the molecular currency of the cell, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
a. Nucleotides
b. Esters
c. Amino acids
d. Lipids
a. Nucleotides
Carbohydrates can be represented by a general formula of _____.
a. R-CHn(NH2)-COOH
b. CH3(CH2)nCO2H
c. CnH2n-2
d. (CH2O)n
d. (CH2O)n
Lipids are characterized by poor solubility in water most of their structure is composed of _____.
a. a central carbon atom bonded to a carboxyl group, a hydrogen group, and a variable group, called the R group
b. a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing ring, and one or more phosphate groups
c. long chains of hydrocarbons
d. straight sugar chains that forms cyclic structures in a solution
c. long chains of hydrocarbons
