ch. 9 Theories of Social Development Flashcards
erogenous zones
in Freud’s theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development
id
in psychoanalytic theory, the earliest and most primitive personality structure. it is unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure
oral stage
the first stage in Freud’s theory, occurring in the first year, in which the primary source of satisfaction and pleasure is oral activity
ego
in psychoanalytic theory, the second personality structure to develop. it is the rational, logical, problem-solving component of personality
anal stage
the second stage in Freud’s theory, lasting from the second year through the third year, in which the primary source of pleasure comes from defecation
phallic stage
the 3rd stage in freud’s theory, lasting from age 3 to age 6, in which sexual pleasure is focused on the genitalia
superego
in psychoanalytic theory, the 3rd personality structure, consisting of internalized moral standards
latency period
the 4th stage in Freud’s theory, lasting from age 6 to 12, in which sexual energy gets channeled into socially acceptable activities
genital stage
the final stage in Freud’s theory, beginning in adolescence, in which sexual maturation is complete
intermittent reinforcement
inconsistent response to a behavior; for ex. sometimes punishing unacceptable behavior and other times ignoring it
behavior modification
a form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior
vicarious reinforcement
observing someone else receive a reward or punishment
reciprocal determinism
child-environment influences operate in both directions; children are both affected by and influence aspects of their environment
self-socialization
the idea that children play a very active role in their own socialization through their activity preferences, friendship choices, etc.
role taking
being aware of the perspective of another person
hostile attributional bias
in Dodge’s theory, the tendency to assume that other people’s ambiguous actions stem from hostile intent
achievement motivation
refers to whether children are motivated by competence or by others’ views of their success
entity/helpless orientation
a tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure
incremental/mastery orientation
a general tendency to attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure
entity theory
(or fixed mindset) a theory that a person’s level of intelligence is fixed and unchangeable
incremental theory
(or growth mindset) a theory that a person’s intelligence can grow as a function of experience
ethology
the study of the evolutionary bases of behavior
imprinting
a form of learning in which the newborns of some species become attached to and follow adult members of the species
parental-investment theory
a theory that stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior that benefit their offspring
microsystem
the immediate environment that an individual child experiences and participates in
mesosystem
the interconnections among immediate, or microsystem, settings
exosystem
environmental settings that a child does not directly experience but that can affect the child indirectly
macrosystem
the larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embedded
chronosystem
historical changes that influence the other systems
