Ch. 9: Newborn Flashcards
Describe the term INFANT
(include what is considered preterm!)
- 37 weeks or more; premature/preterm= <37 weeks gestation
- Less than 37 weeks is preterm!
- Adaptations to the environment and physiological changes must rapidly occur
What is reflex integration?
Occurs as a result of maturation and environmental influences; primitive reflexes may re-emerge if later in life the individual sustains a nervous system injury, such as TBI or CVA
palmar grasp reflex
Position: place child supine with head midline and hands-free
Procedure: place the index finger into the infant’s hands with pressure over the metacarpal heads
Response: fingers will flex around the examiner’s
rooting reaction reflex
Position: place child supine with head in midline
Procedure: using your finger, stroke the perioral skin at the corner of the mouth, moving laterally toward the cheek, upper lip, and lower lip
Response: infant turns head toward stimulus; if to lower lip, mouth tends to open
moro reflex
Position: place child supine with head in midline
Procedure: support infant’s head and shoulders with hands and allow head to drop back 20-30 degrees with respect to trunk, stretching neck muscles
Response: abduction of the upper extremities with extension of the elbows, wrists, and fingers occurs, followed by subsequent adduction of the arms at the shoulder and flexion at the elbows
neonatal neck righting
Position: place child supine with head in midline
Procedure: lift and turn child’s head to side
Response: child’s body follows “like a log”, that is, nonsegmentally
asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
aka “swordfighter”
Position: place child supine
Procedure: have child turn head to one side
Response: extension of the arm and leg to which the face is turned occurs, along with flexion of the opposite limbs, producing an apparent “en guarde” fencing posture
placing reactions (arms and legs) reflex
Position: hold child upright, in vertical suspension
Procedure: brush the dorsum of child’s hand or foot against tabletop
Response: the limb lifts in flexion, then is followed by extension as if to place it on the table
flexor withdrawal reflex
Position: place child supine with head in midline and legs relaxed
Procedure: apply noxious stimuli, such as a prick, to sole of the foot
Response: stimulate leg reacts with flexion at the hip, knee, and ankle, withdrawing the extremity
crossed extension reflex
Position: place child supine with head in midline
Procedure: hold one leg straight; apply firm pressure or noxious stimulus to sole of foot
Response: flexion, adduction, and then extension of the opposite leg
Which sense is the most prominent at birth?
somatosensory cortex which effects touch information
Describe the 6 behavioral states
- Behavioral State 1: deep sleep, no eye movement; there are no spontaneous startles, difficult to rouse
- State 2: active, startles are elicited, spontaneous movements made but settle down quickly
- State 3: in transition from sleep to wakefulness; one eye may be open or both eyes partially open, may rouse then drawn back into sleep
- State 4: important in establishing social relationships and early learning; state is called “quiet alert” and is optimum behavioral state for evaluation; do not have a great deal of body movement… visually attentive and will fixate on stimulus
- State 5: active alert; maintain eyes open, but body movements interfere with sustained attention
- State 6: crying; aroused but are crying and therefore do not engage in interaction
Define ENTRAINMENT
A rudimentary form of communication/social exchange between the newborn and mother occurring just after birth and beyond
- Entrainment may be impeded or interrupted in a preterm newborn or a newborn with an illness
Characteristics of preterm infants
- Physiologic immaturity- the body’s lack of maturation, usually prominent in the lungs and cardiac system
- bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)- progressive scarring of the lungs creating an emphysematous-like function
