Ch. 9 - Motivation & Emotion Flashcards
achievement motivation
need 2 master harder challenges, outperform others, meet high standards of excellence
affective forecasting
efforts 2 predict one’s emotional reactions to certain events
anorexia
ED (usually adolescent girl) diets & becomes 15% underweight & still feels fat & continues to starve
approach-approach conflict
conflict situation in which a choice must be made b/w 2 attractive goals
approach-avoidance conflict
conflict situation in which a choice must be made abt whether 2 pursue 1 goal that has good & bad qualities
arousal theory
physical environment can affect arousal levels by stimulation/stress created when needs aren’t met
avoidance-avoidance conflict
conflict situation in which choice must be made b/w 2 unattractive goals
bulimia
ED characterized by eps. of of overeating, usually high cal foods, followed by thorough cleansing
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Emotion-arousing simultaneously triggers physiological responses & subjective experience of emotion
catharsis
emotional release!! catharsis is a hypothesis, releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges
coronary heart disease
clogging of vessels that nourish the heart (#1 cause of death in USA)
display rules
cultural norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotion
drive
internal state of tension that motivates an organism 2 engage in activities that should reduce the tension
drive reduction theory
physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motivates an organism 2 satisfy the need
emotion
response of whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, & conscious experience
estrogens
sex hormones estradiol, secretes in greater amounts in females & contributing 2 female sex characteristics. In animals, levels peak during ovulation, increasing sexual receptivity
extrinsic motivators
external incentives 2 engage in specific activity, especially motivators arising from expectations of punishment/reward
facial feedback effect
effect of facial expressions of experienced emotions, as when facial expression of anger/joy intensifies those feelings
feel good do good phenomenon
ppl’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Selye’s model of body’s stress response, consisting of 3 stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion
glucose
form of sugar that circulates in blood & provides major sources of energy 4 body tissues, low glucose=hunger
health psychology
subfield focuses on relationship b/w socio-environmental factors influencing health, health treatment, & psychological effects on health
homeostasis
tendency 2 maintain balanced/constant internal state - regulation of any aspect of chem like blood-sugar, around a certain level
incentives
pos/neg environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
instincts
complex behavior that’s rigidly patterned throughout a species & is unlearned
intrinsic motivators
incentives 2 engage in activity that drives pleasure from activity itself, not external benefits
James-Lang theory of emotion
our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses 2 emotion-arousing stimuli
lymphocyte
2 types of white blood cells that r part of body’s immune system (B & T cells)
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
pyramid of human needs, beginning @ base w/physiological needs that must be met 1st b4 moving higher-level safety needs & physiological needs become active
motivation
a need/desire that energizes/directs behavior
need
condition of tension in organism resulting from deprivation of something required for well-being, personal fulfillment, survival
obesity
condition of being overweight
Opponent-process theory of motivation
stimulus/event simultaneously arouses primary affective state which may be good & opposing state which reduces primary state’s intensity
parental investment
what each sex invests- in terms of time,energy, survival risk, & forgone opportunities - 2 produce/nurture offspring
polygraph
device that records autonomic fluctuations while subject is questioned in effort to 2 determine if subject is lying
primary drives
innate drive, universal/species-specific that’s made by deprivation of something/need 2 engage in some activity
psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
study of how psychological, neural, endocrine processes together affect immune sys. & resulting health
psycho-physiological illness
“mind-body” illness, any stress-related physical illness like hypertension/headaches
refractory period
resting period after orgasm, during which man can’t achieve another orgasm
secondary drives
learned drive, developed thru association w/generalization or from primary drive
self-actualization
need to fulfill one’s potential
set point
point @ which individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
sexual dysfunction
disorder -> issues in phases of sexual response, can be primary or show up later
sexual orientation
enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex/other sex
sexual response cycle
4 stages of sexual responding described by Masters/Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
stress
process by which we perceive certain events (stressors) that we deem threatening/challenging
subjective well-being
Individual’s perception of their overall happiness/life satisfaction
testosterone
most important male sex hormone. M&F have it but you men have more testosterone stimulates growth of male sex organs/characteristics
two-factor theory
Schachter-Singer theory that 2 experience emotion 1 must be physically aroused & cognitively label the arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law
relation b/w motivation & performance can be shown by inverted U curve
