CH 9- Knowledge Flashcards
What is the approach that emphasizes concepts requiring thinking due to motor and sensory properties?
Embodied approach
The embodied approach suggests that concepts are grounded in our physical interactions with the world.
What are the categories in which concepts are placed based on areas in the brain?
Special areas in the brain
For example, the ‘Pace area’ in the brain recognizes paces.
What do all approaches agree on regarding the distribution of information about concepts?
Information about concepts is distributed across many structures in the brain
This implies a networked understanding of how concepts are processed.
What does the Hub and Spoke Model propose about brain areas?
Areas of the brain are associated with different functions
This model suggests that there are central hubs that integrate information from various brain regions.
What is the connection between damage to the anterior temporal lobe and cognitive function?
Damage to the anterior temporal lobe is connected to dementia patterns
This highlights the role of the anterior temporal lobe in memory and cognition.
What is Collin Quillian’s concept of nodes?
Collin Quillian’s network has concepts actuated by different nodes, with many units for each concept, making it more complex.
What is graceful degradation?
Graceful degradation is when a damaged brain gradually decreases in performance.
How do connectionist networks respond to brain damage?
Connectionist networks are not disrupted by brain damage.
What is the Sensory-Functional Hypothesis?
The Sensory-Functional Hypothesis states that concepts are stored based on sensory vs. functional attributes.
Provide an example of the Sensory-Functional Hypothesis.
‘Apple’ = red, round (sensory)
Example of sensory attribute.
What is the Multiple Factor Approach?
The Multiple Factor Approach suggests that concepts are stored based on different features such as color, shape, and function.
Provide an example of the Multiple Factor Approach.
‘Elephant’ = big, gray, walks, has a trunk
Example of various features.
What is the function of the output unit in a neural network?
The output unit receives signals from the hidden unit.
What does the hidden unit do in a neural network?
The hidden unit receives signals from the input unit.
What activates the units in a neural network?
Units are activated by environmental stimuli.
How does the connection weight affect unit activity?
The connection weight determines how signals sent from a unit affect the activity of the next unit; high connection weights increase activity.
What is the role of activation in a neural network?
Activation depends on the signal in the input unit and the connection weights throughout the network.
What is propagation in the context of neural networks?
Propagation occurs when an error signal (the difference between input and output signals) is sent back through the network.
What happens to connection weights during error propagation?
Connection weights are adjusted correctly for the units to activate.
Provide an example of a child learning a concept.
The child points to a cow and says ‘hase,’ but her parents correct her and say it is a cow.
What is spreading activation?
A theory that spreads out along any link in a network connected to an activated node.
Example: ‘bird’ will spread and activate ‘animal’.
What is the Leno Decision Task?
A method that makes participants read stimuli with real and take words.
Reaction time was faster when 2 words were associated due to activation spreading.
What does spreading activation do?
It primes concepts so that they are easily retrievable.
What is the typicality effect?
The phenomenon where people classify objects faster than others.
What is the connectionist approach?
An approach that explains how concepts are learned and is inspired by how information is represented in the brain.
What is Collins and Quillian’s network model?
A model of subordinate, basic, and superordinate categories that does not explain the typicality effect.
How do most people respond to questions?
Most people respond with generic answers rather than specific answers.
Who tends to have specific information?
People with more expertise and familiarity in a category tend to have specific information.
What does the Semantic Networks Approach propose?
It proposes that concepts are arranged in networks.
What type of model is the Semantic Networks Approach?
It is a hierarchical model because it is arranged from specific to general.
What is Cognitive Economy?
Cognitive Economy refers to when properties of a category are shared by many members and stored at a higher-level node.
Give an example of Cognitive Economy.
The property ‘can fly’ would be stored for the node ‘bird’ even though not all birds can fly.
What determines the time it takes to retrieve information about a concept?
The time it takes is determined by the distance that is traversed through the network.
What is the relationship between distance and reaction times?
Greater distances have longer reaction times.
What are prototypical objects affected by?
Prototypical objects are affected by priming.
What does the Exemplar Approach determine?
The Exemplar Approach determines whether an object is similar to other objects using examples people encountered in the past.
What happens when we learn about a category?
We may average those exemplars into a prototype, and then later some of the exemplars become stronger.
How do we initially accept exceptions in early learning?
In early learning, we are weak at accepting exceptions, but later they would be added to the category.
How do the exemplar and prototype approaches work together?
The exemplar and prototype approaches work together to share our conceptual knowledge.
What is Hierarchical Organization?
Hierarchical Organization is the organization from large to small to specific categories.
What are the levels of Hierarchical Organization?
The levels are: Global, Basic, and Specific.
Give an example of the Global level.
Example: Vehicle.
Give an example of the Basic level.
Example: Car.
Give an example of the Specific level.
Example: Ford Civic.
What is Rosch’s Approach?
Rosch’s Approach consists of three levels: Global/Superordinate Level, Basic Level, and Specific/Subordinate Level.
Give an example of the Basic Level in Rosch’s Approach.
Example: Table.
Give an example of the Specific/Subordinate Level in Rosch’s Approach.
Example: Kitchen Table.
What is Conceptual Knowledge?
Knowledge that allows us to recognize objects/events and make conclusions about their properties.
Example: What makes a lemon a lemon?
What does Conceptual Knowledge exist in?
It exists in the form of concepts (categories of things) that provide cues for sorting objects and grouping objects that belong together.
What is Family Resemblance?
Refers to things in a particular category that resemble one another, allowing for variation within a category.
What is the Prototype Approach?
We determine whether something is in a category by seeing if it is similar to the prototype (a representation of the category).
What characterizes prototypical objects?
Prototypical objects have high family resemblance and closely resemble the prototype.
What is Typicality?
The ability to judge prototypical objects rapidly.
Example: An apple is judged more typical in a fruit category than a pomegranate.
